AP Chemistry FRQ Room

Atomic Structure and Isotopic Abundance Analysis

This question examines how the periodic table information relates to an element's internal structure

Chemical Bonding: Ionic versus Covalent

Using periodic trends and electron configurations, answer the following about chemical bonding:

Covalent Compound Composition Analysis with Misleading Percent Data

A researcher attempts to determine the percent composition of a novel covalent compound by combustin

Designing a Titration Experiment for Acid-Base Reactions

This question involves designing an experiment using titration to determine the concentration of an

Determining Molarity from Titration Data

In a titration experiment, 25.0 mL of an unknown solution is completely neutralized by 30.0 mL of a

Determining Oxidation States in Transition Metals

An experiment investigates the formation of copper halides under different conditions. Two compounds

Empirical and Molecular Formula Determination

A compound is found to contain 56.5% carbon, 7.11% hydrogen, and 36.4% phosphorus by mass. Use the p

Environmental Chemistry: Pollutant Analysis

An environmental chemist is using mass spectrometry to analyze a pollutant. The mass spectrum reveal

Ideal Gas Law Application under Non-STP Conditions

A gas is contained in a 2.00 L vessel at an initial pressure of 1.50 atm and temperature of 350 K. C

Impact of Temperature on Gas Molarity in a Controlled System

Temperature variations can affect the measured molarity of a gas confined in a container. Design an

Industrial Catalysis and Reaction Rates

A chemical engineer is investigating how catalyst concentration influences the rate of an industrial

Interpreting Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES)

A researcher utilizes photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) to examine the electron binding energies in a

Investigating Ionization Energy Trends Across the Periodic Table

Ionization energy generally increases as you move from left to right across a period. Design an expe

Investigating Selenium Isotopes via Mass Spectrometry

A researcher is studying the isotopic distribution of selenium using a mass spectrometer. The obtain

Ionic Charges and Compound Formation

A researcher is investigating the formation of ionic compounds. Using periodic trends, predict the i

Ionization Energy Trends Analysis

Consider the ionization energies for sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg). Data indicates that the first i

Magnetic Properties and Electron Spin Experiment

A research laboratory is investigating the magnetic properties of various materials by measuring the

Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Selenium Isotopes

Given the following table of selenium isotopes, compute the weighted average atomic mass and compare

Molarity and Titration

During an acid-base titration, a student titrates 25.0 mL of an unknown HCl solution with 0.100 M Na

Mole Calculations in Chemical Reactions

In a laboratory experiment, a chemist measures a 24.022 g sample of carbon and uses it in a combusti

Moles and Avogadro's Number Applications

This question assesses your ability to use the mole concept in determining the number of particles a

Percent Composition of Calcium Nitrate

Calculate the percent composition of each element in calcium nitrate, $$Ca(NO_3)_2$$. Use the follow

Periodic Table and Isotope Analysis

This question examines your understanding of periodic table notations and isotope abundance calculat

Periodic Trends and Bonding Predictions

Use periodic trend data to predict bonding types between elements.

Periodic Trends: Atomic Radii Analysis

A graph plotting atomic radii against atomic number across a period shows a steady decrease in radii

Photoelectron Spectroscopy Analysis

A photoelectron spectrum (PES) provides information on the binding energies of electrons in various

Photoelectron Spectroscopy Interpretation

A photoelectron spectrum (PES) for Element X shows two distinct regions: a set of peaks around $$120

Predicting Ionic Charges and Compound Formation

A table provides the following information about certain elements: | Element | Group | Typica

Reaction Enthalpy and Thermochemistry

Consider the reaction: $$CH_4 + 2\,O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + 2\,H_2O$$. Using the standard enthalpies o

Alloy Formation: Interstitial vs. Substitutional Alloys

Metal alloys exhibit properties that differ from their constituent metals. Compare and contrast inte

Alloy Hardness Measurement and Interstitial Alloy Misinterpretation

A student investigates the effect of carbon interstitials on the hardness of iron alloys. The experi

Application of Coulomb's Law for Ionic Bond Strength

A set of ionic compounds with different ionic charges and distances is provided. Answer the followin

Bond Order and Bond Length in Covalent Molecules

Discuss the relationship between bond order and bond length in covalent molecules. Provide your anal

Bonding Type and Solubility

The type of bonding in a substance can significantly influence its solubility in various solvents. A

Calculating Lattice Energy Using Coulomb's Law

The lattice energy of ionically bonded compounds can be approximated by Coulomb's Law. Consider how

Comparative Analysis of Covalent and Ionic Bonding in Everyday Materials

This question asks you to compare the properties of substances with covalent and ionic bonds and to

Conductivity and Phase Change in Ionic Substances

Electrical conductivity varies with the phase of the substance. Using the conductivity table provide

Determining Bonding Type Through Melting Points

A media article suggests that the melting point of a substance is a reliable metric for determining

Determining Molecular Polarity and Intermolecular Forces

This question investigates how molecular geometry and electronegativity differences lead to polarity

Determining Molecular Polarity from Lewis Structures

Using the molecular geometry and Lewis structure of carbon dioxide ($$CO_2$$), determine its polarit

Formulating Lewis Dot Structures and Calculating Formal Charge

This question tests your ability to construct Lewis dot structures for polyatomic ions and to calcul

FRQ 18: Predicting Molecular Geometry from Hybridization

A table provides information on the hybridization and observed molecular geometries of several molec

FRQ8: Resonance and Bond Order in Ozone (O₃)

Ozone (O₃) exhibits resonance, which has implications for its bond order and bond length. Answer the

FRQ12: Bond Polarity and Its Impact on Molecular Properties

Bond polarity, arising from differences in electronegativity, plays a major role in determining a mo

FRQ16: Energy Profiles in Bond Formation

The formation of covalent bonds involves distinct energy changes. Answer the following: Part (a): U

Investigating Bond Energy and Reaction Kinetics in Ionic Compounds

This question examines the relationship between ionic bond energy and reaction kinetics, using disso

Investigating Lone Pair Repulsions and Molecular Shape

This question requires you to analyze the structure of $$\text{XeF}_4$$ by drawing its Lewis structu

Ionic Mobility and Hydration Effects Misjudgment

A student conducts an experiment to measure the mobility of chloride ions by dissolving lithium chlo

Melting Point Investigation in Ionic Solids

A researcher studies the melting points of various ionic solids to understand the factors that influ

Metallic Bonding and the Electron Sea Model

A student is exploring the concept of metallic bonding and how it explains the unique properties of

Molecular Covalent Bonding: Sigma and Pi Bonds

Explore the characteristics of molecular covalent bonding by analyzing sigma and pi bonds in a molec

Molecular Geometry and VSEPR Analysis

Molecular geometry determines many physical and chemical properties of a compound and is predicted b

Photoelectron Spectroscopy in Bonding Analysis

Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) can provide detailed information about the energy levels of electro

Properties of Network Covalent Solids: Diamond vs Graphite

Network covalent solids like diamond and graphite exhibit drastically different physical properties

Resonance and Bond Order Calculation

This question focuses on the effect of resonance on bond characteristics, particularly bond order, a

Resonance Structures and Molecular Stability

A researcher asserts that the presence of multiple resonance structures in a molecule leads to decre

Resonance, Bond Order, and Bond Length Correlations

A group of students claims that there is a direct correlation between bond order and bond length, as

Solubility and Conductivity Comparison Misinterpretation

A student compares the electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (an ionic com

Viscosity of Ionic Liquids and Ionic Concentration Assumption

A researcher synthesizes a novel ionic liquid and measures its viscosity using a viscometer to inves

Chromatographic Separation of Mixtures

Apply principles of paper chromatography to separate a dye mixture and interpret the data to determi

Column Chromatography for Substance Separation

A researcher applies column chromatography to separate components of a complex organic mixture based

Dalton’s Law and Partial Pressure Calculation

A container holds a gas mixture with a total pressure of 2.50 atm. The mixture consists of 0.20 mol

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures in Gas Mixtures

This question focuses on Dalton's Law and its application in gas mixtures.

Determining Gas Density and Molar Mass

A gas in a container at 1 atm and 300 K has a density of $$0.8\;g/L$$. Using the equation $$MM = \fr

Deviations from Ideal Gas Behavior

Real gases deviate from the ideal gas law under certain conditions. Use the data provided to analyze

Gas Effusion Experiment: Application of Graham's Law

A researcher conducts an experiment to measure the relative rates of effusion for different gases th

Gas Mixtures, Reaction Rates, and Kinetic Theory

During a combustion reaction, the reaction rate is influenced by the kinetic energy of gas molecules

Intermolecular Forces Ranking in Different Substances

Consider four substances: iodine (I2), water (H2O), oxygen (O2), and sodium chloride (NaCl).

Interpreting Dipole Moments and Lone Pair Effects in Molecular Geometry

A student measures the dipole moments of various molecules to study the impact of lone pair electron

Investigation of Vapor Pressure Variation

A student is investigating the effect of temperature on the vapor pressure of a volatile liquid. In

Molecular Geometry and Polarity in NF3 versus NH3

Compare the molecular structures of NF3 and NH3 to determine how geometry and electronegativity infl

Molecular Polarity Analysis

A researcher examines covalent molecules to determine their overall polarity. Using the provided tab

Paper Chromatography and Retention Factor Analysis

Paper chromatography separates a mixture based on differences in polarity. Analyze the separation us

Polarity and Solubility in Liquid Mixtures

A research chemist is tasked with dissolving a nonpolar solute in various solvents. Evaluate the sol

Solvent Polarity and Dipole Interactions

The solubility of substances depends heavily on the intermolecular forces present. A polar solute ge

Spectroscopic Analysis Using Beer’s Law

Apply Beer’s Law to determine concentrations from absorbance data in a reaction monitoring scenario.

Acid-Base Equilibria and Conjugate Pairs

This FRQ examines acid-base equilibria using acetic acid as an example. The dissociation reaction is

Acid-Base Equilibrium of Acetic Acid

Acetic acid reacts with water according to the equilibrium: $$HC_2H_3O_2 + H_2O \rightleftharpoons C

Buffer Solutions and pH Stability

A buffer solution is prepared by mixing equal concentrations (0.250 M) of acetic acid (HC2H3O2) and

Combustion Analysis for Empirical Formula Determination

A student attempts to determine the empirical formula of an unknown hydrocarbon by performing combus

Comprehensive Combustion Analysis of Hydrocarbon Samples

A researcher conducts a combustion analysis of a hydrocarbon sample to determine its empirical formu

Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs and Equilibrium Analysis

Consider the equilibrium reaction for acetic acid in water: $$HC_{2}H_{3}O_{2} + H_{2}O \rightleftha

Designing a Half-Reaction Balancing Experiment

Redox reactions require careful balancing using half-reactions. Design an experiment that demonstrat

Designing and Evaluating a Redox Titration Experiment for Unknown Concentration

A chemist must determine the unknown concentration of a \(Cu^{2+}\) solution. The proposed method is

FRQ 7: Acid-Base Titration Curve Interpretation

During an acid-base titration of acetic acid with NaOH, it is claimed that the equivalence point is

FRQ 12: Interpreting a Graph of Reaction Kinetics

A graph is provided showing the natural logarithm of the reactant concentration (ln[A]) versus time

FRQ 20: Calorimetry and Reaction Enthalpy Analysis

A calorimetry experiment is performed to determine the reaction enthalpy. The expected enthalpy chan

Gravimetric Analysis of an Unknown Salt

An unknown salt that contains chloride ions is analyzed by precipitating AgCl from a 1.00 g sample u

Investigating Oxidation State Changes via Spectrophotometry

Spectrophotometry can be an effective tool to monitor oxidation state changes during a redox reactio

Kinetics in a Redox Reaction with Temperature Variations

A student investigates the kinetics of a redox reaction between a metal ion and a reducing agent by

Limiting Reactant Determination in Hydrocarbon Combustion

A combustion experiment is conducted using butane (C₄H₁₀) and oxygen (O₂). The masses and molar mass

Oxidation Numbers and Their Applications in Reaction Analysis

Consider the redox reaction in an acidic solution: $$MnO_{4}^{-} + 8*H^{+} + 5*e^{-} → Mn^{2+} + 4*H

Percent Error in Experimental Reaction Yields

In a lab synthesis of compound AB, the theoretical yield was calculated to be 15.0 g, but the actual

Percent Error in Titration Measurements

In a titration experiment, a student determines the concentration of a solution to be $$0.092~M$$, w

Precipitation Reaction for Chloride Ion Identification

A student conducts a qualitative analysis to detect chloride ions by adding silver nitrate solution

Precipitation Reaction: Formation of Silver Chloride

Silver nitrate reacts with sodium chloride in aqueous solution to form silver chloride precipitate a

Reaction Kinetics of a Decomposition Reaction

The decomposition of compound A follows first order kinetics. The following table provides the conce

Redox Reaction and Oxidation States

Consider the redox reaction between copper(II) ions and metallic iron: $$Cu^{2+}(aq) + Fe(s) \righta

Stoichiometric Calculations in Combustion Analysis

A 2.00 g sample of an unknown organic compound containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is compl

Advanced Data Analysis for Second-Order Reactions

An experiment investigating a second-order reaction provides a plot of $$1/[A]$$ versus time that sh

Analysis of Zero, First, and Second Order Reaction Kinetics

A student is provided with a summary table that compares three different kinetic analyses for a sing

Analyzing a Multi-step Reaction Mechanism

Consider the following proposed mechanism for the reaction $$A + 2B \rightarrow D$$: Step I: $$A +

Analyzing a Multi-step Reaction Mechanism

Consider the overall reaction: $$2A + B \to C$$, which proceeds via the following mechanism: Step 1

Application of the Steady-State Approximation in Kinetic Analysis

Consider a reaction mechanism where an intermediate Z is formed in the first step and consumed in th

Catalysts and Reaction Mechanisms

Consider the overall reaction $$A + B \to C$$ which proceeds via the following two-step mechanism:

Comparing Kinetic Orders using Integrated Rate Laws

A chemist investigates the kinetics of a reaction that is suspected to be first order. Three differe

Complex Effects of Reactant Concentration on Reaction Mechanisms

A reaction is studied by varying the concentrations of reactants A and B. The following data were ob

Designing an Experiment to Investigate the Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates

A chemist is designing an experiment to study how temperature affects the reaction rate of the react

Determination of Reaction Order from Time-Concentration Data

A researcher investigates the decomposition of reactant A at constant temperature. The following dat

Determining Half-Life for a First-Order Reaction

A first-order reaction is monitored and the concentration of reactant A is measured over time. The e

Determining Overall Rate Law from a Multi-Step Reaction Mechanism

Consider the following multi-step mechanism for the conversion of A and B into product C: Step I (f

Determining Reaction Mechanism from Kinetic Data

Experimental studies of the reaction 2A + B → C yield a rate law of the form Rate = k [A]^2[B]. a.

Determining Reaction Order from Time Course Data

The concentration of reactant A was measured over time during a reaction. Use the following data to

Determining Reaction Order Using Initial Rates Method for $$2\text{A} + \text{B} \rightarrow \text{C}$$

The following experimental data was collected for the reaction $$2\text{A} + \text{B} \rightarrow \t

Graphical Analysis of a First-Order Reaction

A first-order reaction is monitored by measuring the natural logarithm of the reactant concentration

Graphical Analysis of Second-Order Rate Law

A graph of 1/[A] versus time for a reaction is provided. This graph should be linear if the reaction

Graphical Determination of Reaction Order

Different integrated rate law plots can be used to determine the reaction order. Answer the followin

Interpretation of Reaction Energy Profiles

A reaction energy profile diagram is provided in the stimulus, showing the energy levels of reactant

Kinetic Isotope Effects and Reaction Mechanisms

A recent investigation found that when hydrogen in a reactant is replaced with deuterium, the reacti

Kinetics of a Zero-Order Reaction

The concentration of reactant A is measured over time for a zero-order reaction. The experimental da

Overall Rate Law for Complex Reactions with Intermediates

A complex reaction proceeds through multiple steps involving intermediates. A proposed mechanism is

Pressure Effects on Gas-Phase Reactions

For a gas-phase reaction, the rate is dependent on the frequency of collisions, which is influenced

Temperature Effects on Reaction Rate: An Arrhenius Analysis

A gas-phase reaction was studied at various temperatures. The following data was collected: | Tempe

The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Kinetics

A chemical reaction was studied at several temperatures. The following table lists the measured rate

Zero-Order Kinetics and Data Sufficiency: Misclassification Due to Insufficient Data

In an experiment aimed at determining the reaction order, a student plotted the concentration of rea

Analysis of Reaction Mechanisms Through Bond Energy Considerations

Consider the combustion reaction: $$\text{C}_2\text{H}_6 + \text{O}_2 \rightarrow \text{CO}_2 + \tex

Analyzing Thermodynamic Data for Reaction Feasibility

A study claims that the measured enthalpy change (ΔH) of a reaction alone can predict its spontaneit

Bond Energies in Combustion of Methane

The combustion of methane is represented by the reaction: $$CH_{4} + 2O_{2} \rightarrow CO_{2} + 2H_

Bond Energy Calculation

Calculate the energy required to break all the H-O bonds in 2 molecules of water (H₂O), given that e

Catalyst and Activation Energy

A researcher studies a reaction and observes that the addition of a catalyst lowers the activation e

Catalyst Impact on Activation Energy and Reaction Kinetics

A researcher studies a reaction both in the presence and absence of a catalyst. The reaction kinetic

Catalyst Impact on Reaction Activation Energy

A student designs an experiment to investigate the effect of a catalyst on a specific reaction. Two

Catalyst Recycling and Energy Savings in Industrial Processes

An industrial chemical process employs a catalyst to reduce the energy consumption of a reaction. Th

Comparative Bond Energy Calculations

Consider two hypothetical reactions: Reaction 1: Breaking one C–H bond and forming one C–C bond. Rea

Comparing Energy Diagrams: Exothermic vs. Endothermic Reactions

Two different energy diagrams (Diagram A and Diagram B) are provided below. Diagram A shows products

Comparing Exothermic and Endothermic Energy Diagrams

Two energy diagrams are provided: one representing an exothermic reaction and the other an endotherm

Designing a Multi-Step Experiment to Determine Reaction Enthalpy

Design a laboratory experiment to determine the enthalpy change $$\Delta H$$ for a reaction that occ

Determining Reaction Enthalpy using Bond Energies

For the synthesis reaction of ammonia: $$\text{N}_2 + 3\,\text{H}_2 \rightarrow 2\,\text{NH}_3$$ cal

Determining Reaction Enthalpy Using Standard Enthalpy of Formation

Methanol (CH$_3$OH) is formed according to the reaction: $$C(s) + \frac{1}{2}O_2(g) + 2H_2(g) \right

Determining the Specific Heat of an Unknown Substance

A 50.0 g sample of an unknown metal is heated to 100°C and then quickly placed into a calorimeter co

Effect of Catalyst in Reaction Kinetics and Energy Diagrams

A reaction is studied both in the absence and presence of a catalyst. The provided energy diagram sh

Energy Analysis in Sublimation Process

A student performs an experiment to measure the energy required for the sublimation of a solid (e.g.

Energy Diagram Misinterpretation with Catalyst

A student uses infrared spectroscopy data to construct an energy diagram for an exothermic reaction.

Energy Diagrams and Reaction Enthalpy

A researcher is studying a reaction's energy diagram for an exothermic process. The provided graph s

Enthalpy of Solution and Hydration Energy

When an ionic compound dissolves in water, the process comprises several distinct steps that contrib

Formation of Methanol and Enthalpy of Formation Analysis

Consider the reaction for the formation of methanol: $$C(s) + \frac{1}{2} O_2(g) + 2 H_2(g) \rightar

Investigating Heat Transfer in Liquid Mixtures

A researcher performs an experiment by mixing 50.0 g of water at 80.0°C with 50.0 g of water at 20.0

Modeling Energy Changes Using Calorimetric Data

A calorimetry experiment provided the following data: | Parameter | Value | |-----

Molecular Kinetics and Reaction Energy Transfer

During a chemical reaction, observations indicate changes in the kinetic energy distribution of mole

Phase Change and Constant Temperature Observations

A student conducts an experiment to study the melting of ice. A temperature versus time graph shows

Phase Change Thermodynamics: Sublimation and Deposition

A substance undergoes sublimation, transitioning directly from a solid to a gas. An energy diagram i

Pressure Effects on Gas Phase Reaction Thermodynamics

Pressure changes can influence the thermodynamic properties of gas-phase reactions. Explain the effe

Reaction Kinetics versus Thermodynamics in Chemical Reactions

A set of experiments was conducted at different temperatures to measure the reaction rate of a chemi

Temperature Effects on Reaction Rates in Endothermic Reactions

A student designs an experiment to study how temperature affects the rate of an endothermic reaction

Acid Dissociation Constant (Ka) Determination: Ionic Strength Oversight

In an experiment to measure the acid dissociation constant (Ka) for acetic acid, a researcher prepar

Acid-Base Equilibrium and Ka Determination

A weak acid, HA, dissociates in water according to the equation $$HA \rightleftharpoons H^{+} + A^{-

Advanced Calculation of Kp from Partial Pressure Data in Reforming Reaction

Consider the methane reforming reaction: $$CH_4(g) + H_2O(g) \leftrightharpoons CO(g) + 3*H_2(g)$$.

Analysis of Weak Acid Equilibrium and Titration Curves

A weak acid, HA, with a dissociation constant $$K_a = 1.0 * 10^{-5}$$, was titrated with a strong ba

Analyzing Temperature Dependence of $$K_{eq}$$

A reaction has measured equilibrium constants at different temperatures. Using the van't Hoff equati

Analyzing the Impact of Dilution on Reaction Equilibrium

Consider the equilibrium for carbonic acid formation: $$H_2CO_3(aq) \rightleftharpoons H^+(aq) + HC

Application of Hess's Law to Equilibrium Constant Manipulations

Consider the following reactions: Reaction 1: $$\text{A} \rightarrow \text{B}, \quad K_1 = 4.0$$ R

Application of Le Chatelier’s Principle to Complex Systems

A comprehensive experiment in an automotive catalytic converter studies the equilibrium among gas‐ph

Base Dissociation Constant (Kb) of Ammonia: Error in Water Concentration Assumption

In an experiment to determine the base dissociation constant (Kb) for ammonia, the reaction $$NH_3 +

Calculating the Reaction Quotient and Predicting Reaction Shift

For the reaction $$2A \rightleftharpoons B + C$$, the initial concentrations are measured as follows

Combined Equilibrium Reactions and Keq Calculation

Consider the following two reversible reactions with their respective equilibrium constants: Reacti

Common Ion Effect in Sparingly Soluble Salts

For the dissolution of silver chloride: $$AgCl(s) \leftrightharpoons Ag^{+}(aq) + Cl^{-}(aq)$$, answ

Common Ion Effect on Solubility

Examine how the presence of a common ion affects the solubility of a salt.

Comparative Analysis of Equilibrium Constants: Kc vs Kp

For the gaseous reaction $$L (g) + M (g) \rightleftharpoons N (g)$$, analyze the relationship betwee

Concentration Effects in the Haber Process

The Haber synthesis reaction for ammonia is given by $$N_2(g)+3H_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2NH_3(g)$$.

Conceptual Understanding of Reaction Quotient (Q)

Clarify the significance of the reaction quotient (Q) in chemical equilibrium and how it compares to

Deduction of Equilibrium Constant from Experimental Data

In a lab, the reaction $$2*M \rightleftharpoons N + O$$ is studied. Equilibrium concentrations are m

Determining $$Keq$$ from Experimental Data

A reaction $$D + E \rightleftharpoons F + G$$ is monitored over time. A graph of the concentrations

Determining Acid Dissociation Constant (Ka)

For the weak acid HA, which dissociates in water according to $$HA + H_2O \leftrightarrow A^- + H_3O

Determining Equilibrium from Reaction Conditions

An equilibrium for the reaction $$G + H \rightleftharpoons I + J$$ is established and experimental d

Dilution Effects on Aqueous Equilibrium

For the equilibrium reaction $$Fe^{3+}(aq) + SCN^{-}(aq) \leftrightarrow FeSCN^{2+}(aq)$$, answer th

Dilution Effects on Aqueous Equilibrium Systems

Examine the effect of dilution on the aqueous equilibrium: $$\ce{Fe^{3+} (aq) + SCN^- (aq) <=> FeSCN

Distinguishing Reaction Kinetics from Equilibrium: Error Analysis

A researcher studies the reaction $$A + B \rightleftharpoons C$$ by measuring initial reaction rates

Dynamic Equilibrium and Reaction Rate Graphs

A graph depicting forward and reverse reaction rates over time for the equilibrium reaction $$D (g)

Effect of Dilution on Aqueous Equilibria

Consider the equilibrium reaction: $$\mathrm{Fe^{3+} + SCN^{-} \rightleftharpoons FeSCN^{2+}}$$. Des

Effect of Dilution on Aqueous Equilibria

Investigate how dilution (adding water) affects the position of equilibrium in aqueous systems.

Effect of Inert Gases on Equilibrium Systems

Examine how the addition of an inert gas affects the equilibrium position of a gaseous reaction unde

Equilibrium Constant Manipulation: Changing Coefficients

When a chemical equation is multiplied by a coefficient, the equilibrium constant for the new equati

Equilibrium Shifts in Diluted Aqueous Solutions

In the aqueous equilibrium $$Fe^{3+} (aq) + SCN^{-} (aq) \rightleftharpoons FeSCN^{2+} (aq)$$, a stu

Equilibrium Shifts in the Haber Process Under Variable Conditions

In the industrial synthesis of ammonia, $$N_{2} + 3H_{2} \rightleftharpoons 2NH_{3}$$, experimental

Graph Analysis of Equilibrium Attainment

A graph depicting the concentration of reactants and products over time for a reversible reaction is

Graphical Analysis of Equilibrium Shifts

A chemist monitors the reaction $$\mathrm{A + 2B \rightleftharpoons C}$$ over time. The graph provid

Haber Process Equilibrium Analysis

In the industrial Haber process $$N_2 + 3*H_2 \rightleftharpoons 2*NH_3$$, a researcher investigates

Haber Process Equilibrium Analysis

In an industrial experiment investigating the effect of temperature on the equilibrium condition of

Hess's Law and Composite Equilibria

Consider the following reactions with their respective equilibrium constants: (1) $$A (g) \rightlef

Interplay of Temperature and Pressure in Equilibrium Systems

Consider the reversible gaseous reaction: $$\rm 2NO_{2}(g) \rightleftharpoons N_{2}O_{4}(g)$$. Answe

Investigating the Reaction Quotient (Q)

Consider the reaction $$2*A + B \leftrightarrow 3*C + D$$. Using the initial concentrations provided

Ksp and Temperature: Solubility Trends

A chemical engineer is investigating how temperature affects the solubility of a sparingly soluble s

Le Chatelier's Principle: Concentration Change

Analyze how a change in concentration of reactants or products influences the position of equilibriu

Le Chatelier's Principle: Effect of Concentration Changes

Consider the aqueous equilibrium: $$\mathrm{Fe^{3+} + SCN^{-} \rightleftharpoons FeSCN^{2+}}$$. Answ

Le Chatelier’s Principle: Pressure and Temperature Effects

Consider the gaseous equilibrium reaction $$2*NO_2 (g) \rightleftharpoons N_2O_4 (g)$$. Evaluate how

Linking Reaction Kinetics and Equilibrium

In the reversible reaction $$2Y(g) \rightleftharpoons Z(g)$$, equilibrium is reached when the rates

Multi-Step Reaction Equilibrium Analysis

A series of reactions occur in a chemical process. The first reaction is: $$D \rightleftharpoons E$$

Multiple Equilibria in Industrial Synthesis

In the industrial production of nitric acid, several equilibria are involved. One key step involves

Photochemical Equilibrium in Iodine Dissociation: Error Analysis

A researcher studies the photodissociation equilibrium of iodine given by the reaction $$I_2 \rightl

Predicting Shifts in Complex Ion Formation Equilibria

Consider the complex ion formation equilibrium: $$\ce{Cu^{2+} (aq) + 4NH3 (aq) <=> [Cu(NH3)_4]^{2+}

Pressure Manipulation in Equilibrium: Error Analysis

In this experiment, a researcher investigates the effect of pressure on the equilibrium position for

Reaction Quotient and Equilibrium Dynamics

Consider the equilibrium reaction $$N_2 + 3 * H_2 \rightleftharpoons 2 * NH_3$$ under the initial co

Reaction Quotient and Equilibrium Shifts

Consider the equilibrium reaction: $$2A + B \rightleftharpoons 3C$$. At a certain point, the concent

Reaction Quotient Miscalculation in Acid Equilibrium Experiment

A researcher sets up an experiment to study the equilibrium of a weak acid, HA, dissociating into $$

Role of Catalysts in Chemical Equilibrium

Explain the impact of catalysts on reaction rates and the position of chemical equilibrium in revers

Solubility and Precipitation Reactions

Consider the dissolution equilibrium of barium sulfate: $$BaSO_4 (s) \rightleftharpoons Ba^{2+} (aq)

Solubility and the Common Ion Effect

The solubility equilibrium for silver chloride is given by: $$AgCl(s) \rightleftharpoons Ag^+(aq) +

Solubility Predictions: Temperature Dependence and Ksp

A salt MX dissolves according to the equilibrium: $$\ce{MX (s) <=> M^{+} (aq) + X^{-} (aq)}$$ with a

Solubility Product and the Common Ion Effect

AgCl is a sparingly soluble salt that dissolves according to the equation: $$AgCl(s) \rightleftharpo

Solubility Product and the Common Ion Effect

Consider the dissolution of the salt $$AgCl(s) \leftrightarrow Ag^{+}(aq) + Cl^{-}(aq)$$.

Visual Analysis of Equilibrium Diagram

A schematic diagram of a generic equilibrium reaction is provided. The diagram shows reactants and p

Acid Rain and Lake pH Analysis

A lake near a manufacturing region has experienced several acid rain events over a five day period.

Buffer Capacity and Dilution Effects

A buffer system consisting of acetic acid and sodium acetate is under investigation to understand it

Buffer Response in a Weak Acid–Strong Base Titration

During the titration of a weak acid with a strong base, the solution exhibits a buffer region where

Buffer System Design Using Acetic Acid and Sodium Acetate

A chemist wishes to prepare a buffer solution with a target pH of 4.76 using acetic acid (HC2H3O2) a

Buffer System Experiment Design

A chemistry student aims to prepare a buffer solution using acetic acid (HC2H3O2) and its conjugate

Comparative Strength of Halogen Acids

Halogen acids such as HCl, HBr, and HF differ in strength despite being binary acids. Answer the fol

Determination of pH in a Dilute Strong Acid Solution

This FRQ focuses on determining the pH of a dilute strong acid solution by comparing calculated and

Environmental Acid-Base Study: Effects of Acid Rain on Lake pH

Acid rain can alter the pH of natural bodies of water, affecting ecosystems. Answer the following:

Modeling Titration Curves of a Polyprotic Acid

In a titration experiment with phosphoric acid (H3PO4), a triprotic acid, a student is asked to mode

Percent Dissociation of a Weak Acid

This FRQ explores how the percent dissociation of a weak acid changes with concentration using exper

Polyprotic Acid Dissociation Analysis

A researcher is studying a 0.1 M solution of phosphoric acid (H3PO4), a triprotic acid with the foll

Polyprotic Acid Titration and Stepwise Dissociation

Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is a polyprotic acid that dissociates in three steps with the dissociation c

Polyprotic Acid Titration: Misinterpretation of Stepwise Dissociation

In an experiment involving the titration of phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) with a strong base, a student as

Solubility and pH: Equilibrium Manipulation

A lab experiment investigates how changing the pH of a solution affects the solubility of Mg(OH)₂. U

Solubility of Metal Hydroxides and Buffer Interactions

Buffer solutions can influence the solubility of sparingly soluble salts. Address the following:

Weak Base and Buffer System Analysis

Consider the buffer system formed by ammonia (NH3) in water. Answer the following:

Analyzing a Voltaic Cell's Performance Over Time

A report claims that the voltage output of a voltaic cell remains constant over several hours of ope

Analyzing Gibbs Free Energy with Reaction Quotient

Consider the redox half-reaction: $$Fe^{3+} + e^- -> Fe^{2+}$$ with a standard reduction potential o

Cell Potential and Equilibrium Constant Calculation Error

An experiment was conducted to determine the equilibrium constant (K) for a redox reaction by first

Comparing Standard and Non-Standard Conditions in Cell Design

A researcher compares the performance of a galvanic cell under standard conditions (1 atm, 1 M, 25°C

Designing an Experiment to Measure Entropy Change

Design a laboratory experiment that aims to measure the entropy change when mixing two aqueous solut

Determining $$\Delta G^\circ$$ from Equilibrium Constant Data

A chemist aimed to calculate the standard free energy change ($$\Delta G^\circ$$) for the reaction $

Electrochemical Cell Construction and Analysis

A student constructs a galvanic cell using two half-reactions: Half Reaction A is $$\ce{Fe^{3+} + e^

Energy Efficiency Analysis in Electrochemical Cells

Compare the calculated energy efficiency (using thermodynamic data) with the actual measured efficie

Entropy Change in Reaction Systems

In an experiment, an ideal gas‐phase reaction converts 1 mole of A(g) into 1 mole of B(g) and 1 mole

Entropy Changes in Metabolic Reactions

Glycolysis, the metabolic pathway converting glucose to pyruvate, involves multiple steps that produ

Equilibrium Constant and Free Energy Connection

A redox reaction exhibits a standard cell potential of $$E^\circ_{cell} = 0.50\,V$$ with 2 moles of

FRQ 6: Design and Analysis of a Galvanic Cell Under Non‐Standard Conditions

You are tasked with designing a galvanic cell using the following half‐reactions: Anodic reaction (

FRQ 8: Entropy Change Due to Mole Change and Phase Transition

Consider the reaction involving the splitting of water: $$2\,H_2O(l) \rightarrow 2\,H_2(g) + O_2(g)

Gibbs Free Energy and Equilibrium Constant

A reaction has been studied under various temperatures, and the equilibrium constant data is provide

Graph Analysis: Determining Enthalpy Change

A graph depicting a linear relationship between \(\ln K\) and \(1/T\) has been obtained from experim

Influence of Ionic Strength on Electrolytic Processes

A study is conducted on the effect of ionic strength on the performance of electrolytic cells. Resea

Linking Equilibrium Constant and Gibbs Free Energy

A chemist uses equilibrium measurements to analyze a reaction at 298 K. The researcher intends to us

Non-Standard Conditions and Cell Voltage

A galvanic cell operating under non‐standard conditions shows a decrease in cell voltage as the reac

Predicting the Effect of Temperature on Reaction Spontaneity

A reaction has a standard enthalpy change of $$+80\,kJ/mol$$ and a standard entropy change of $$+250

Redox Cell Salt Bridge Function Error

In an effort to measure the cell potential of a galvanic cell, a researcher set up a redox cell usin

Reduction Potential and Overall Redox Reaction

Analyze the overall redox reaction using provided half-reactions and discuss the implications of ele

Thermodynamic Favorability and Temperature Dependence

A reaction has an enthalpy change $$\Delta H^\circ = +80\,kJ/mol$$ and an entropy change $$\Delta S^

Thermodynamic Favorability: Interplay of $$\Delta H$$ and $$\Delta S$$

Examine the following reaction data and use it to analyze thermodynamic favorability from the relati