AP Biology FRQ Room

Analyzing the Effects of Temperature on Lipid Bilayer Permeability

A researcher investigates the permeability of synthetic lipid bilayers by encapsulating a fluorescen

Analyzing the Role of Water's Cohesion and Adhesion in Capillary Action

A researcher is investigating the unique properties of water by measuring the height to which water

Analyzing Water's High Specific Heat Through Temperature Change

A physicist compares the temperature change of water and another liquid with a lower specific heat c

Atomic Structure and Isotopes

This question focuses on isotopes and the calculation of average atomic mass using subatomic particl

Atomic Structure and Isotopes Analysis

Investigate the nature of atomic structure by analyzing a table that summarizes various isotopes of

Carbon and Organic Molecules

Carbon is the backbone of organic chemistry. Evaluate its versatility in forming diverse molecular s

Carbon's Central Role in Biomolecules

A biologist is exploring why carbon is fundamental to the structure of organic molecules.

Carbon's Versatility in Organic Molecules

This question explores why carbon's tetravalency is crucial for the diversity of organic molecules a

Chemical Bonding: Ionic and Covalent Bonds

Examine the differences between ionic and covalent bonds including examples found in biological mole

Cholesterol's Role in Membrane Fluidity

Investigate how cholesterol modulates cell membrane fluidity across a range of temperatures. Analyze

Experimental Design: Enzyme Kinetics Under Acidic Conditions

A researcher tests the effect of pH on the kinetics of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

FRQ 11: Classification of Amino Acids

Amino acids are classified based on the properties of their side chains. Discuss how this classifica

Hydrogen Bonding and Special Properties of Water

This question investigates water's unusual properties that arise from hydrogen bonding. You will exp

Investigating Nucleic Acid Polymerization via Hydrolysis Reaction

A researcher studies the hydrolysis of RNA under acidic conditions to break it down into individual

Investigating Water's Unique Properties

A researcher investigates the unique properties of water and how they contribute to biological proce

Isotope Labeling in Metabolic Pathways

This question focuses on the application of isotopic labeling to study metabolic processes such as t

Isotopic Labeling in Metabolic Studies

Investigate how isotopic labeling is used to trace metabolic pathways. Analyze the distribution of a

Lipids and Cellular Membranes

A cell biologist is investigating how membrane composition affects fluidity under different temperat

Nucleic Acid Polymerization and Hydrolysis

Describe the process of nucleic acid polymerization and the potential impacts of hydrolysis during t

Nucleic Acid Structure and Stability

A geneticist is examining the structure of nucleic acids and their stability under varying condition

Quantitative Analysis of Carbohydrate Storage

Examine the role of carbohydrate storage in plants and perform a quantitative analysis based on prod

Role of Trace Elements in Biological Systems

Explore the significance of trace elements in biological systems by analyzing their impact on enzyme

Saturation and Unsaturation in Fatty Acids

Examine how the degree of saturation in fatty acids influences their melting points and physical pro

Synergistic Roles of Organic Molecules in Cellular Function

A molecular biologist is investigating how carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids intera

Trace Elements in Ecosystem Function

An ecologist is researching the role of trace elements (e.g., iron, iodine, copper) in the health of

Understanding the Role of Molecular Components in Cell Signaling

A study investigates how cholesterol-derived hormones are produced and how molecular structure influ

Water's Anomalous Properties and Ecological Impact

This question explores the unusual properties of water, particularly its expansion upon freezing, an

Actin Polymerization and Filament Length

Actin monomers polymerize to form microfilaments in cells. If each actin monomer contributes approxi

Active Transport and Ion Gradients

This FRQ explores the mechanism of active transport via the sodium-potassium pump and its role in ma

Active Transport and the Sodium-Potassium Pump

The sodium-potassium pump is a prime example of active transport that maintains essential ion gradie

Analysis of Exocytosis Process

This question addresses the process of exocytosis and requires a critical analysis of a diagram repr

Analyzing Diffusion Rates and Concentration Gradients

The table below provides data on the diffusion rates of a substance across a membrane at different c

Aquaporin Overexpression and Water Transport

Design an experiment to determine how overexpression of aquaporin proteins affects water transport i

Bulk Flow and Dialysis in Physiological Systems

Bulk flow and dialysis are essential for fluid transport in biological systems and medical applicati

Calculation of Surface Area and Volume: Cubical Cell Model

This question involves calculating the surface area and volume of a cell modeled as a cube and discu

Cell Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio and Its Effects on Cellular Efficiency

In the study of cell physiology, the relationship between surface area and volume has important impl

Cytoskeletal Disruption and Its Impact on Exocytosis

Design an experiment to determine how disruption of actin filaments affects the rate of exocytosis i

Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Cell Movement

This FRQ focuses on the role of cytoskeleton components, particularly actin, in cell movement.

Cytoskeleton Dynamics in Cell Division

A researcher investigates the role of the cytoskeleton, particularly actin microfilaments, in the pr

Cytoskeleton Function and Cellular Dynamics

The cytoskeleton is essential for maintaining cell shape, enabling movement, and facilitating cell d

Endocytosis and Exocytosis in Cellular Transport

Cells use various mechanisms to transport materials. Answer the following parts:

Endoplasmic Reticulum and Protein Modification

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is crucial for protein processing. (a) Compare and contrast the roug

Energy Conversion in Mitochondria vs. Peroxisomes

This question contrasts energy conversion efficiencies between mitochondria and peroxisomes and disc

Evaluating the Fluid Mosaic Model under Varying Temperature Conditions

A study investigates the effect of temperature on the fluidity of the plasma membrane to test predic

Fluid Mosaic Model and Plasma Membrane Function

The table below lists different types of membrane proteins and their functions. Use this information

Golgi Complex: Modification and Sorting

The Golgi complex is critical for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins. Answer the following:

Investigating the Efficiency of Lipid Bilayers in Facilitating Diffusion

A study utilizes artificial lipid bilayers to test their permeability to various solutes. The claim

Investigation of Peroxisomes in Cellular Detoxification

A study measured peroxisomal enzyme activity in response to increasing concentrations of hydrogen pe

Kinetics of Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

This question integrates data analysis with kinetic concepts to understand receptor-mediated endocyt

Mechanisms of Passive and Active Transport

This question focuses on the fundamental differences between passive and active transport across the

Mechanisms of Secondary Active Transport

Secondary active transport uses the energy stored in electrochemical gradients to move substances ac

Microscopy Techniques: Light vs Electron Microscopy

This FRQ compares the resolving power and usability of light microscopes versus electron microscopes

Mitochondrial Function and ATP Production

This FRQ assesses the relationship between substrate concentration and ATP production in mitochondri

Mitochondrial Function and Energy Production

This question focuses on the role of mitochondria in energy production and the relationship between

Mitochondrial Structure and ATP Production Efficiency

An experimental physiologist is studying mitochondria to understand how their structure contributes

Mitochondrial Structure and Function

This question examines the structure of the mitochondrion and its role in ATP production.

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Efficiency

Design an experiment to evaluate the efficiency of receptor-mediated endocytosis in cells exposed to

Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis in cells. Answer the following questions regarding thei

Role of Cell Surface Markers in Immune Recognition

A recent report asserts that variations in glycoprotein expression on cell surfaces directly influen

Role of Plasma Membrane in Selective Permeability

A series of experiments using artificial membranes have aimed to test the claim that the plasma memb

Temperature Effects on Active Transport Mechanisms

Design an experiment to assess how varying temperatures affect the activity of the sodium-potassium

Advanced Enzyme Energy Diagrams under Variable Conditions

This advanced problem examines how enzyme-catalyzed energy diagrams are altered under different temp

Analysis of Light Reactions in Photosynthesis

This question focuses on the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, emphasizing the roles of t

Cellular Respiration Stages and Energy Production

Describe the four stages of cellular respiration, detailing the key reactions and net production of

Comparative Analysis of Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration

This question compares the processes and efficiencies of aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Comparative Analysis of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

A flow diagram is provided comparing the overall processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiratio

Comparative Analysis of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

A student compares the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, focusing on the use of

Comparative Analysis of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both rely on electron transport chains. Analyze and compare

Effects of Enzyme Denaturation on Reaction Rate

Examine the table below which shows enzyme reaction rates under three different conditions related t

Energy Yield of Aerobic Respiration

Outline the stages of aerobic respiration and calculate the total ATP yield from one molecule of glu

Enzyme Catalysis and Activation Energy

Enzymes accelerate reactions by lowering the activation energy. Analyze this effect quantitatively u

Enzyme Cofactors and Regulation

This question examines the role of enzyme cofactors and their effects on enzyme activity.

Enzyme Inhibition and Kinetics

This question explores the mechanisms of enzyme inhibition and how they affect reaction kinetics.

Enzyme Saturation and Michaelis-Menten Kinetics

A biochemist studies how substrate concentration affects the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction us

Enzyme Specificity and Active Site Dynamics

Enzymes are highly specific catalysts in biological reactions. Their function depends on precise int

Impact of Inhibitors on Metabolic Pathways

A researcher analyzes the impact of enzyme inhibitors on a metabolic pathway by examining changes in

Investigation of Inhibitor Effects on Enzyme Catalysis

A laboratory experiment was performed to assess the effect of a purported noncompetitive inhibitor o

Kinetic Analysis of Enzyme Inhibition

Enzyme inhibitors can alter reaction rates in various ways. Evaluate the kinetic effects of competit

Mechanism of Induced-Fit in Enzymatic Reactions

Experimental evidence suggests that an enzyme undergoes a conformational change upon substrate bindi

Metabolic Pathways: Glycolysis versus Krebs Cycle

Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle are central to cellular respiration. Compare their roles, cellular lo

pH Effects on Enzyme Function

This question investigates how pH influences enzyme structure and function.

Photosynthesis Electron Transport Analysis

Analyze the electron transport process during the light reactions of photosynthesis using the provid

Photosynthesis: C3, C4, and CAM Pathways

Compare and contrast the three photosynthetic pathways (C3, C4, and CAM) in terms of their mechanism

Proton Gradient and ATP Synthesis

A biologist investigates ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis in mitochondria, focusing on the role of the

Reaction Coupling and ATP Synthesis

Reaction coupling is central to cellular metabolism. Using ATP hydrolysis as an example, explain how

Role of Cofactors in Enzyme Activity

Design an experiment to compare enzyme activity in the presence and absence of a cofactor (e.g., $$M

Simulation of Anaerobic Glycolysis in Muscle Cells

An experiment was conducted using cultured muscle cells to simulate the anaerobic conditions typical

Temperature-Induced Enzyme Denaturation

Propose an experiment to investigate the effect of elevated temperatures on enzyme activity and stru

Cascading Effects of Ligand-Receptor Binding Failures

A mutation in a receptor protein leads to impaired ligand binding efficiency, causing a significant

Cell Communication in Tissue Regeneration

During wound healing, tissue regeneration relies on effective cell communication via growth factor s

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Cancer

Proper cell division is ensured by cell cycle checkpoints that monitor and repair errors. Defects in

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and DNA Damage Response

Construct a detailed experimental plan to investigate the activation of cell cycle checkpoints in ma

Chemotaxis in Unicellular Organisms

A researcher investigates the chemotactic response of a bacterial species to increasing concentratio

Comparative Analysis of Membrane Receptor Classes

Cells utilize various classes of membrane receptors to perceive and respond to external signals. Con

Comparative Analysis of Receptor Types in Signal Transduction

An article compares three classes of membrane receptors: ligand-gated ion channels, catalytic recept

Comparative Analysis of Short-Range vs. Long-Range Signaling

Cells communicate using both short-range (e.g., paracrine) and long-range (e.g., hormonal) signaling

Cyclin D and Cell Cycle Progression

A researcher tests the hypothesis that increased levels of cyclin D accelerate the G1/S transition b

Cyclin/CDK Complex Activation Kinetics

The activation of cyclin/CDK complexes is pivotal for cell cycle progression. Analyze the kinetics o

Cytokinesis and Mitotic Spindle Dynamics

During cell division, cytokinesis physically separates the cytoplasm of the dividing cell, concludin

Designing an Experiment on Cell Junction Communication

A research team is investigating the role of gap junctions in propagating electrical signals in card

Environmental Stress and Signal Transduction

Cells exposed to high salinity experience stress that can disrupt their signal transduction pathways

Feedback Loops in Signal Transduction Pathways

Design an experiment to explore both positive and negative feedback loops within a specific cell sig

Genetic Mutations and Oncogene Activation

Mutations in regulatory genes can transform proto-oncogenes into oncogenes, leading to increased cel

Hormonal Regulation and Feedback in Blood Glucose Homeostasis

A researcher examines the mechanisms of blood glucose regulation and collects data under various con

Impact of CDK Inhibition on Cell Cycle Progression

Design an experiment to analyze the effect of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors on cell cycle

Intracellular Signaling and Second Messengers

Second messengers play a critical role in amplifying and transmitting signals within the cell. Par

Kinase Cascade Activation by Growth Factor

A laboratory experiment explores the activation of a kinase cascade in epithelial cells following tr

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Function in Neuromuscular Transmission

This question explores the role and quantitative aspects of ligand-gated ion channels at the neuromu

Mathematical Modeling of Diffusion in Signal Transduction

This question explores the diffusion of signaling molecules using Fick's First Law and requires a mu

Mathematical Modeling of Ligand-Receptor Interactions

Researchers model the binding of ligands to cell surface receptors using the equation $$B = \frac{B_

Oncogene Activation and Cancer Cell Proliferation

A study compares normal cells with cells engineered to overexpress an oncogene. Researchers measure

Quantitative Analysis of Mitotic Spindle Formation

This question evaluates the role of the mitotic spindle in chromosome segregation through quantitati

Signal Amplification and Cascade Effects

An experiment aims to demonstrate signal amplification within a cell signaling cascade. The claim is

Signal Amplification in Cell Communication

Signal transduction cascades allow cells to amplify a small external signal. Using the concept of si

Signal Transduction Cascade and Receptor Saturation

A researcher investigates the effect of a signaling molecule on the activation of a receptor-mediate

Signal Transduction Cascades and Secondary Messengers

G-protein coupled receptor activation results in the rapid production of secondary messengers that a

Signal Transduction Feedback Mechanisms

Feedback mechanisms are essential in regulating signal transduction pathways. Review the provided di

Targeting Signal Transduction in Cancer Therapy

Abnormal activation of signal transduction pathways is a hallmark of many cancers. Part a: Identif

Analysis of Sex-Linked Inheritance of X-linked Recessive Traits

A researcher is analyzing a trait known to be X-linked and recessive (such as color blindness) in hu

Analysis of X-Inactivation and Barr Bodies

In female mammals, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated during development, leading

Analyzing Incomplete Dominance and Codominance

A plant biologist is studying flower color in snapdragons and human blood types. Crosses between red

Codominance in the ABO Blood Group System

An individual with AB blood type (genotype I^A I^B) mates with an individual with type O blood (geno

Dihybrid Cross and Independent Assortment

The dihybrid cross is a key experiment illustrating the Law of Independent Assortment. In this scena

Dihybrid Cross and Probability

Analyze a dihybrid cross (AaBb x AaBb) and apply probability rules to predict offspring phenotypes.

Environmental Effects on Phenotypic Plasticity

Examine how environmental factors influence phenotype even when the genotype remains constant.

Gametogenesis: Comparing Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

Compare and contrast the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. In your response, outline the d

Inheritance Patterns: Incomplete Dominance and Codominance

Not all traits follow purely dominant-recessive inheritance. Consider cases of incomplete dominance

Integration of Meiosis and Genetic Variation

Discuss how different mechanisms during meiosis contribute to genetic variation and compare these so

Integrative Inheritance: Combining Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Traits

Design an experiment in which you cross organisms that exhibit both Mendelian (e.g., dominant/recess

Monohybrid Cross Analysis

This question explores Mendel's principles using a monohybrid cross between pea plants. Explain the

Monohybrid Cross and Epistasis

A monohybrid cross typically produces a simple ratio of genotypes and phenotypes. However, epistasis

Non-Mendelian Inheritance Patterns: Incomplete Dominance and Codominance

Compare and contrast two non-Mendelian inheritance patterns— incomplete dominance and codominance—us

Pedigree Analysis for Inheritance Patterns

A pedigree chart shows the appearance of a certain trait across multiple generations in a family. Us

Polygenic Inheritance and Environmental Influences

This question explores the concept of polygenic inheritance and examines how environmental factors c

Recombination Mapping of Linked Genes

Linked genes do not always assort independently. Consider three genes A, B, and C, with recombinatio

Sex-Linked Inheritance and Pedigree Analysis

Sex-linked traits, particularly those located on the X chromosome, often show distinctive patterns i

Sex-Linked Traits and Pedigree Analysis

Analyze a pedigree where a sex-linked trait (e.g., color blindness) is present. Explain the differen

Synapsis and Crossing-Over: Diagram Analysis

Analyze the provided diagram illustrating synapsis and crossing-over during prophase I of meiosis. I

Analysis of Mutational Impacts on Protein Structure

A molecular biologist is studying the effects of different point mutations on protein structure. The

Analyzing DNA Gel Electrophoresis Results

A researcher runs gel electrophoresis on DNA fragments produced by a restriction enzyme. Three bands

Bacterial Gene Transfer by Transduction

Analyze the process of transduction in bacteria and its implications for genetic diversity.

Central Dogma and Variations in Genetic Information Flow

A review of the central dogma reveals instances where the expected flow of genetic information is al

Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression

The packaging of DNA in chromatin influences gene expression. Consider the data below and answer the

Chromatin Structure and Transcriptional Regulation

A researcher is investigating how chromatin structure affects gene expression. The study compares tr

Comparative DNA Replication: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

Compare the mechanisms of DNA replication in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, highlighting the diff

Comparative Structures of DNA and RNA

DNA and RNA have distinct structural differences that underlie their different biological functions.

CRISPR-Cas Genome Editing: Efficiency and Ethics

A biotech company is using CRISPR-Cas technology for genome editing in various cell lines. Review th

DNA Damage from UV Radiation and Repair Mechanisms

Cells exposed to UV radiation exhibit specific types of DNA damage. A researcher examines the repair

DNA Replication Dynamics

A laboratory is studying the DNA replication process in E. coli. The replication fork moves at 1000

Effects of Helicase Inhibition on DNA Replication Fork Progression

Design an experiment to evaluate how inhibition of helicase affects the rate of DNA replication.

Epigenetic Regulation and Chromatin Structure

Gene expression in eukaryotes is influenced by chromatin structure. Analyze the following table and

Evolutionary Impact of DNA Mutations

Discuss how mutations in DNA contribute to evolutionary change.

FRQ 5: Translation and Protein Synthesis

An mRNA transcript carrying a mutation in its start codon is introduced into an in vitro translation

Genomic Organization and Chromatin Structure

Discuss how genomic organization affects gene expression.

Hydrogen Bonding in DNA Base Pairing

A double-stranded DNA molecule contains 1×10^6 base pairs. Assuming that 50% of the base pairs are a

Investigation of DNA Replication Enzyme Activity Error

A researcher is investigating the replication kinetics of a novel DNA polymerase in an in vitro syst

Mechanism of Translation

Examine the process of translation and the molecular accuracy mechanisms involved in protein synthes

Mechanisms of DNA Replication

This question examines the complex process of DNA replication and the enzymatic machinery that ensur

Mechanisms of DNA Replication Enzyme Functions

A researcher performs an in vitro study to elucidate the roles of key enzymes in DNA replication, in

Operon Function and Regulation

Using the provided operon diagram, answer the following questions concerning the regulation of gene

Point Mutations and Frameshift Effects

Analyze different types of mutations and their impact on protein synthesis.

Reverse Transcription in Retroviruses

This question explores reverse transcription in retroviruses and its comparison to typical DNA repli

Semiconservative DNA Replication and Labeling

Examine the semiconservative nature of DNA replication and the experimental evidence supporting it.

Transcription Factor Binding and Promoter Strength

In a study, the rate of transcription (R) is modeled as a function of transcription factor concentra

Transcription Regulation Experiment Using Promoter Mutations

A researcher introduces point mutations into the promoter region of a eukaryotic gene and measures m

Translation Initiation and Elongation Experiment

A study examines how variations in ribosome number affect the rate of protein synthesis when mRNA co

tRNA and Codon-Anticodon Pairing

The mRNA sequence 5'-AUG GCU UAA-3' is translated during protein synthesis. Answer the following:

Viral Replication Cycles: Lytic vs Lysogenic

A virology experiment measured bacterial viability at various time points following infection with a

Adaptive Radiation in Island Ecosystems

On an archipelago, a single ancestral species of bird has diversified into several distinct species,

Adaptive Traits and Finch Beak Variation

A population of finches exhibits variation in beak size that correlates with environmental condition

Analyzing Fossil Records for Evolutionary Trends

Design a study using fossil records from two different geological formations with the goal of identi

Analyzing Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A biologist collected data from a population to assess if it is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The f

Antibiotic Resistance in Bacterial Populations

Analyze the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria using the data provided in the table, a

Artificial Selection in Crop Plants: Predicting Trait Frequency Changes

Investigate how artificial selection can alter the trait distribution in crop plants over one genera

Artificial vs. Natural Selection

This question compares artificial and natural selection. Design an experiment and analyze the evolut

Climate Change and Evolutionary Selection

Climate change can act as a powerful selective force. Use the data provided to examine how changing

Climate Change and Evolutionary Shifts in Species Distribution

A long-term study tracks an alpine plant population that is experiencing upward shifts in altitude d

Comparing Evolutionary Theories: Darwin vs. Lamarck

Answer the following questions comparing two evolutionary theories:

Darwin's Observations on Natural Selection

Charles Darwin’s early observations provided the groundwork for the theory of evolution by natural s

Designing a Study on Multiple Evolutionary Mechanisms

Given a scenario of rapid climate change affecting a species' habitat, design a multi-factorial stud

Diagram Analysis: Natural Selection Process

Examine the diagram of the natural selection process provided below. The diagram includes boxes and

Effects of Environmental Pollution on Population Genetics

Using the example of the peppered moth, this question examines the impact of environmental pollution

Effects of Gene Flow on Allele Frequencies in Populations

Gene flow can alter allele frequencies within a population by introducing new alleles from immigrant

Environmental Influences on Natural Selection

Evaluate how different environmental factors, both biotic and abiotic, drive natural selection in a

Environmental Pollutants and Adaptive Change in Amphibians

Environmental pollutants, such as acid rain, can impose strong selective pressures on local populati

Environmental Pressures and Adaptive Traits

Environmental pressures, both biotic and abiotic, drive the evolution of adaptive traits. Use the fo

Environmental Pressures and Adaptive Traits

Selective pressures from an organism’s environment influence the development of adaptive traits. Use

Environmental Pressures and Adaptive Traits Over Time

Examine the relationship between environmental pressures and the frequency of an adaptive trait over

Environmental Pressures and Phenotypic Traits

A study examines the effect of temperature on the beak size of a particular bird species. Use the pr

Environmental Pressures and Reproductive Success

A study measured the reproductive success of insects with varying wing shapes under high wind condit

Environmental Pressures and Speciation of Frogs

Two subpopulations of frogs become geographically isolated by a mountain range. One group inhabits s

Evidence of Evolution: Fossils and Biogeography

Discuss how fossil records and biogeographical patterns serve as robust evidence for evolution and c

Evidences of Continuing Evolution: Fossils and Molecular Biology

Continuing evolution is supported by multiple lines of evidence. Answer the following:

Fossil Evidence and Phylogenetic Trees

Paleontologists use fossil records, radiometric dating, and cladistics to study evolutionary relatio

Fossil Record Analysis and Dating Techniques

Dating methods and fossil records are crucial for understanding evolutionary timelines. Delve into t

Fossil Record and Dating Techniques

Assess how the fossil record and dating techniques contribute to our understanding of evolutionary h

Gene Flow and Its Impact on Population Genetics

Gene flow plays a critical role in shaping genetic diversity within populations. Examine how migrati

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Genetic Variability

Consider a population of beetles with two alleles for shell color. Using the Hardy-Weinberg equation

Impact of Environmental Change on Allele Frequency: Peppered Moths

Analyze the impact of industrial air pollution on the allele frequencies of the peppered moth popula

Impact of Invasive Species on Native Genotypes

In this experiment, a researcher assesses the impact of an invasive species on the genetic diversity

Impact of Mutations on Microbial Populations

In a controlled experiment, a microbial population is exposed to a mutagen, altering the mutation ra

Integrative Analysis of Evolutionary Mechanisms

Evolution is driven by multiple mechanisms that can interact simultaneously. Answer the following:

Interpreting Morphological Homologies in Vertebrates

Morphological homologies, such as similarities in bone structures among vertebrates, are used as evi

Interpreting Phylogenetic Data Through Cladograms

Cladograms and phylogenetic trees help illustrate evolutionary relationships and common ancestry amo

Investigating the Founder Effect in Invasive Species

This FRQ examines the genetic consequences of the founder effect in invasive species populations usi

Lamarck vs Darwin: Comparative Analysis

Research on evolutionary theories continues to provoke discussion. Compare the historical theories o

Lamarck vs. Darwin: Inheritance of Traits

A biologist observes a population of organisms where some individuals appear to acquire enhanced fea

Lamarckism vs. Darwinian Evolution

Critically compare Lamarck's theory of evolution with Darwin's theory of natural selection.

Measuring Evolutionary Fitness in Frog Populations

In this experiment, a researcher investigates evolutionary fitness within a frog population by quant

Miller-Urey Experiment and the Origins of Life

Analyze the design and outcomes of the Miller-Urey experiment, including its relevance to the RNA-wo

Modeling Gene Flow Among Populations

This FRQ focuses on how gene flow between populations can influence allele frequencies over time and

Molecular Evidence and Evolutionary Relationships

Modern molecular biology has provided powerful tools for elucidating evolutionary relationships amon

Natural Selection and Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria

An experiment is conducted in which bacterial cultures are exposed to an antibiotic over several gen

Natural Selection Under Changing Environmental Conditions

Analyze how environmental changes impact allele frequencies in a population based on provided experi

Origins of Life and the RNA-World Hypothesis

Experiments simulating early Earth conditions have provided data on the synthesis of amino acids. Us

Peppered Moths and Directional Selection

Examine how environmental changes influenced natural selection in peppered moths. Answer the followi

Peppered Moths: A Case Study in Natural Selection

Examine a historical scenario involving the peppered moth. Before industrialization, the moth popula

Phylogenetic Trees and Cladograms

Evaluate the use of phylogenetic trees and cladograms in determining evolutionary relationships amon

Phylogenetic Trees and Common Ancestry

Discuss the construction and interpretation of phylogenetic trees, and explain how they provide evid

Phylogenetic Trees and Common Ancestry

Phylogenetic trees offer insights into the common ancestry of species. Use the graph provided to ans

Population Bottlenecks and Founder Effects

Population bottlenecks and founder effects are important examples of genetic drift. Evaluate how the

Punctuated Equilibrium versus Gradualism

Evolutionary change can occur gradually or in rapid bursts. Analyze the models of punctuated equilib

Reproductive Isolation and Speciation in Island Birds

On a remote island, a subset of a bird species develops a distinctly different mating call, while th

Resource Competition and Its Role in Natural Selection

This FRQ explores how competition for limited resources drives natural selection by affecting popula

RNA World Hypothesis: Experimental Approaches

Discuss the RNA world hypothesis and design a modern experiment to test its predictions regarding th

Sexual Selection and Evolutionary Dynamics

Analyze the role of sexual selection in evolution and discuss the cost-benefit trade-offs associated

Sexual Selection and Trait Evolution

Examine the role of sexual selection in shaping traits within a population, and analyze experimental

Sexual Selection in Bird Ornamentation

A study on a bird population measured male tail length and the number of mating successes. The data

Speciation and Reproductive Isolation

Discuss the process of speciation with emphasis on reproductive isolation mechanisms. Answer the fol

The Peppered Moth Case Study: Directional Selection

Examine the classic case of the peppered moth and answer the following questions:

The RNA World Hypothesis and Origins of Life

This question examines the RNA world hypothesis and the role of prebiotic experiments in understandi

The RNA World Hypothesis and the Origins of Life

Experiments simulating early Earth conditions, such as the Miller-Urey experiment, provide support f

Types of Selection and Their Effects

Evolutionary processes include various forms of selection that shape population traits. In the follo

Animal Communication: Pheromones and Agonistic Behaviors

This FRQ focuses on the various ways animals communicate, emphasizing chemical signaling and social

Assessment of Greenhouse Effect on Animal Behavior

A recent media article claims that increasing levels of greenhouse gases are altering the behavior o

Circadian Rhythms and Enzyme Activity in Plants

A botanist studies how enzyme activity in a plant varies over a 24-hour period under constant condit

Designing an Experiment to Determine Carrying Capacity

A researcher aims to determine the carrying capacity of a freshwater lake for a particular fish spec

Dominance Hierarchies in Flocking Birds

An ornithologist studies dominance hierarchies in a controlled aviary of crows by observing their in

Ecological Pyramids and Energy Transfer

An ecologist studies an ecosystem’s trophic structure using the 10% rule of energy transfer.

Gravitropism and Plant Reorientation

A plant that was placed horizontally was observed for its response to gravitropic stimulus. The foll

Imprinting Behavior and Critical Period Analysis

A study on imprinting behavior collected data on the critical period durations (in hours) for severa

Investigating Primary Succession After Disturbance

After a volcanic eruption, a newly formed land surface undergoes primary succession. Researchers cla

Photoperiodism and Flowering in Plants

A botanist conducts an experiment to assess the effects of day length on flowering time in a short-d

Photoperiodism in Flowering Plants

A botanist investigates the effect of day length on flowering in a short-day plant species. The expe

Plant Behavior: Phototropism vs. Gravitropism

This FRQ explores the underlying mechanisms of two key plant responses: phototropism and gravitropis

Population Growth and Carrying Capacity in Rabbits

In a nature reserve, a rabbit population begins with $$N_0 = 200$$ individuals. During one month, th

Primary Ecological Succession on Barren Rock

In a study of primary succession, a barren rock is initially colonized by lichens. Over time, the de

Simpson's Diversity Index: Calculations and Ecological Implications

Simpson's Diversity Index is used to quantify the biodiversity of a community. Answer the following

Toxins in Food Chains: Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification

Toxins can accumulate in and magnify through food chains, affecting apex predators. Answer the follo

Trophic Cascade Effects in a River Ecosystem

In a river ecosystem, the removal of a top predator led to observable changes: before removal, the e