AP Biology FRQ Room

Acid-Base Reactions in Biological Systems

A researcher is investigating the effect of pH on enzyme activity in a metabolic pathway. By adjusti

Amino Acid Properties and Protein Folding

Examine how the polarity of amino acid side chains influences protein folding and enzyme activity un

Atomic Structure and Isotopes Analysis

A researcher is studying isotopes in carbon samples to trace metabolic pathways in mammalian cells.

Carbohydrate Structures and Functions

A research team is investigating various carbohydrates to understand their roles in energy storage a

Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

Analyze the structural differences and functional roles of carbohydrates in biological systems. Use

Carbon and the Formation of Organic Molecules

A molecular biologist is examining why carbon is uniquely suited to form the complex organic molecul

Cell Membrane Dynamics and Phospholipid Density

Cell membranes are composed primarily of a phospholipid bilayer, whose organization is crucial for t

Chemical Bonding: Ionic and Covalent Bonds

Examine the differences between ionic and covalent bonds including examples found in biological mole

Cholesterol's Role in Membrane Fluidity

Investigate how cholesterol modulates cell membrane fluidity across a range of temperatures. Analyze

FRQ 11: Classification of Amino Acids

Amino acids are classified based on the properties of their side chains. Discuss how this classifica

FRQ 12: Lipid Saturation and Membrane Fluidity

The degree of saturation in fatty acid chains influences the physical properties of lipids and the m

Impact of Molecular Polarity on Solubility and Membrane Transport

Evaluate how molecular polarity influences the solubility of compounds in water and affects their ab

Interconnection Between Organic Molecule Classes

Biological systems rely on the interplay among carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. E

Lipid Saturation and Membrane Fluidity

A biologist studies how variations in lipid saturation affect the fluidity of cell membranes. Artifi

Lipids and Membrane Structure

Discuss the roles of phospholipids and cholesterol in maintaining membrane fluidity and integrity, a

Nucleic Acid Polymerization and Base Pairing

Examine the molecular processes involved in DNA replication, focusing on polymerization and base pai

Nucleic Acid Stability Under Temperature Variation

A geneticist investigates the thermal stability of DNA by monitoring its denaturation as the tempera

Nucleic Acid Structure and Stability

A geneticist is examining the structure of nucleic acids and their stability under varying condition

Nucleic Acids and Genetic Information

Evaluate the structures of nucleic acids and discuss how these structures enable them to perform the

Organic Molecules: Carbohydrates and Dehydration Synthesis

Investigate the formation of complex carbohydrates via dehydration synthesis and discuss the reversi

Protein Structure and Denaturation Under pH Variation

A researcher investigates how varying pH levels affect protein structure and enzyme activity. In the

Protein Structure and Function

Examine the four levels of protein structure and explain how the primary sequence of amino acids inf

Protein Structure and Mutation Analysis

A molecular biologist is investigating the structure of proteins and the effects of mutations.

Proteins: Structure, Function, and Denaturation

Proteins display complex structures that are intimately linked with their function. Analyze the fact

Roles of Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen Bonds in Molecular Structure

This FRQ examines the different types of chemical bonds that are crucial to the structure of biologi

Water: Unique Properties and Capillary Action

Water exhibits several unique physical properties that are crucial for life. Analyze how these prope

Active Transport: Primary vs Secondary

This question examines the concepts of primary and secondary active transport and their roles in cel

Bulk Flow and Dialysis: Mechanisms of Material Movement

Bulk flow and dialysis represent two different mechanisms of material movement across membranes. Ans

Cell Membrane Signaling and Receptor Function

Signal transduction is initiated at the cell membrane by receptor proteins that interact with extrac

Chloroplast Function Under Variable Light Intensities

Design an experiment to investigate how changes in light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis

Chloroplast Photosynthesis Efficiency Experiment

An experiment was established to study the effect of light intensity on photosynthetic efficiency in

Comparative Analysis: Plant Cells vs Animal Cells

Plants and animals have evolved distinct cell structures. (a) Identify three key structural differe

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

This question requires you to differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, focusing on th

Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Cell Division

This question investigates the kinetics of cytoskeletal polymerization and its role during cell divi

Cytoskeletal Elements and Vesicle Transport

In a study of intracellular transport, researchers examined the effect of cytoskeletal inhibitors on

Diffusion through Aquaporins: Rate Calculations

Fick's first law of diffusion is given by $$J = -D * \frac{dC}{dx}$$, where J is the diffusion flux,

Endocytosis and Exocytosis Experimental Data Analysis

The table below shows experimental data measuring the rates of endocytosis and exocytosis at various

Energy Considerations in Passive vs. Active Transport

A physiologist is comparing the energy requirements of passive diffusion and active transport, espec

Energy Required for Endocytosis

During receptor-mediated endocytosis, a cell forms a vesicle from the plasma membrane. If the energy

Golgi Complex: Modification and Sorting

The Golgi complex is critical for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins. Answer the following:

Investigation of Peroxisomes in Cellular Detoxification

A study measured peroxisomal enzyme activity in response to increasing concentrations of hydrogen pe

Ion Gradients and Cell Membrane Potential

This question uses the principles underlying the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz (GHK) equation to analyze the

Light vs. Electron Microscopy Analysis

A researcher is using microscopy techniques to study cell structures and needs to understand the adv

Mechanisms of Bulk Flow

This question focuses on the concept of bulk flow and its significance in biological transport proce

Membrane Transport: Diffusion and Osmosis

This question examines membrane transport through calculations using the water potential equation an

Observing Cell Structures Using Microscopy

A research laboratory has access to two principal types of microscopes: a light microscope (which ma

Osmosis and Water Potential Experiment

In an experiment to investigate the effects of osmotic pressure on plant cells, researchers placed i

Peroxisomes: Detoxification in Cells

Peroxisomes play a major role in detoxifying harmful substances in cells. Answer the following:

Role of Cell Surface Markers in Immune Recognition

A recent report asserts that variations in glycoprotein expression on cell surfaces directly influen

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio and Cell Function

This question explores how cell size influences diffusive exchange. A researcher studies spherical c

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio in Cells and Organisms

Consider a spherical cell with radius r. The surface area (SA) is given by $$SA = 4*\pi*r^2$$ and vo

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio in Organisms & Heat Exchange

This FRQ connects the concept of surface area-to-volume ratio with heat exchange in organisms.

Temperature Effects on Active Transport Mechanisms

Design an experiment to assess how varying temperatures affect the activity of the sodium-potassium

Transport Protein Channel Dynamics

In an experiment to investigate the role of aquaporins in water transport across the plasma membrane

Activation Energy Reduction by Enzymes

Devise an experiment to measure the effect of an enzyme on reducing the activation energy of a react

Advanced Enzyme Energy Diagrams under Variable Conditions

This advanced problem examines how enzyme-catalyzed energy diagrams are altered under different temp

Allosteric Regulation and Enzyme Kinetics

This question examines how allosteric regulation influences enzyme kinetics and metabolic control.

Analysis of a Thylakoid Membrane Diagram

Examine the provided schematic diagram of a thylakoid membrane during the light reactions of photosy

ATP and Reaction Coupling

This question examines how cells use ATP to couple exergonic and endergonic reactions in metabolism.

ATP Yield from Cellular Respiration

Aerobic cellular respiration converts glucose into energy. In this problem, you will derive the tota

Calvin Cycle and Reaction Coupling

Detail the Calvin Cycle and explain how it is coupled to the products of the light-dependent reactio

Cellular Energy Balance and Entropy

A researcher examines how cells maintain order amid the increase in entropy predicted by the Second

Chemiosmosis and Proton Gradient Analysis

Explain the process of chemiosmosis and analyze how the proton gradient is generated and utilized in

Chemiosmosis and Proton Gradient-Driven ATP Synthesis

Chemiosmosis links the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis via the proton gradient. Using the

Comparative Analysis of C3, C4, and CAM Plants

Different photosynthetic pathways have evolved in plants adapted to varying environmental conditions

Effect of pH on Enzyme Kinetics

A researcher conducts an experiment to study how pH affects the activity of an enzyme involved in AT

Effect of pH on Enzyme Structure and Function

A laboratory investigation examines the effect of various pH levels on enzyme activity. The study ai

Effects of Enzyme Denaturation on Reaction Rate

Examine the table below which shows enzyme reaction rates under three different conditions related t

Efficiency of ATP Production in Isolated Mitochondria

Design an experiment to determine the effect of ADP concentration on the ATP synthesis rate in isola

Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

Outline the sequence of events in the light reactions of photosynthesis, with reference to the elect

Energy Diagrams and Reaction Types

A researcher provides the following table representing a reaction's energy changes: the reactants ha

Enzyme Specificity and Active Site Dynamics

Enzymes are highly specific catalysts in biological reactions. Their function depends on precise int

Evaluation of Coupled Reaction Systems in ATP Synthesis and Consumption

A biochemical experiment was designed to study the coupling between ATP hydrolysis and an endergonic

Glycolysis Pathway and ATP Yield

This question focuses on glycolysis, the pathway that breaks down glucose to yield ATP and NADH.

Impact of Allosteric Inhibitors on Enzyme Regulation

A table below shows enzyme reaction rates in the presence of various concentrations of an inhibitor.

Impact of Enzyme Denaturation on Metabolic Pathways

Explain what enzyme denaturation is and predict its impact on cellular metabolism, including any com

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC) and its Role in Respiration

This question examines the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase co

Temperature Dependence of Enzyme Activity

A researcher measured an enzyme's activity at various temperatures, and the results are shown in the

The Calvin Cycle and Light-Independent Reactions

The Calvin Cycle is critical for carbon fixation in photosynthesis. Explain the steps of the Calvin

Thermodynamics in Coupled Metabolic Reactions

This question challenges you to integrate thermodynamic principles with the concept of reaction coup

Analysis of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Design an experiment to assess the effect of a neurotransmitter (such as acetylcholine) on muscle ce

Analysis of Tumor Suppressor Gene Function in the Cell Cycle

Tumor suppressor genes play a critical role in preventing uncontrolled cell division. Analyze a scen

Apoptosis Trigger Mechanisms in Damaged Cells

Cells exposed to high doses of radiation show evidence of programmed cell death (apoptosis). An inve

Bacterial Chemotaxis and Signal Transduction

Unicellular bacteria exhibit chemotaxis, moving toward beneficial chemicals. In the following experi

Cell Communication in Tissue Regeneration

During wound healing, tissue regeneration relies on effective cell communication via growth factor s

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Cancer

Proper cell division is ensured by cell cycle checkpoints that monitor and repair errors. Defects in

Cell Cycle Dysregulation and Apoptosis

Failure of cell cycle checkpoints can lead to uncontrolled cell division and trigger programmed cell

Chemotaxis in Unicellular Organisms

A researcher is investigating the chemotactic response of a bacterial species to an attractant. The

Chemotaxis in Unicellular Organisms

A researcher is studying chemotaxis in unicellular organisms exposed to nutrient gradients. The aim

Chemotaxis in Unicellular Organisms Experiment

Design an experiment to investigate how a unicellular organism's movement (taxis) is influenced by n

Comparative Analysis of Cell Communication Mechanisms

Multicellular organisms employ various methods for cell communication. Part a: Describe the mechan

Effects of Mutation on Cell Cycle Regulation

A geneticist investigates the impact of a specific mutation on the expression levels of cyclins and

Evaluating Signal Transduction in Multicellular Organisms

Cells use different signaling strategies based on the distance over which signals need to travel. Re

Feedback Mechanisms in Cellular Stress Responses

Following a heat shock, cells exhibit changes in the expression levels of stress proteins. A graph t

Homeostasis and Hormonal Regulation

It is claimed that insulin and glucagon work via feedback mechanisms to maintain blood glucose level

Homeostatic Feedback in Blood Glucose Regulation

Homeostasis in blood glucose levels is maintained by hormonal feedback mechanisms. Refer to the diag

Integrative Analysis: Linking Cell Communication and Cell Cycle Regulation

The interplay between external signals and cell cycle regulators is critical for proper cell divisio

Interaction Between Cancer and Cell Cycle Regulation

A genetic mutation affecting a key checkpoint protein has been identified in certain cells, disrupti

Kinase Cascade Activation by Growth Factor

A laboratory experiment explores the activation of a kinase cascade in epithelial cells following tr

Mechanisms of Toxin Interference with Signal Transduction

An environmental toxin is found to interfere with cellular signal transduction, resulting in decreas

Membrane Receptors and Cellular Response

This question focuses on the structure and function of membrane receptors and how different receptor

Mitosis and Chromosome Segregation

This question focuses on the stages of mitosis and the mechanisms that ensure accurate chromosome se

Mitosis Process and Chromosomal Dynamics

Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides its genetic material into two daughter cells. A resea

Mitosis Stages and Chromosome Segregation

The following table describes the duration of each stage of mitosis in a cultured cell.

Negative Feedback in Hormonal Regulation

To study homeostatic regulation, a researcher examines the negative feedback mechanism of insulin on

Oncogenes versus Tumor Suppressor Genes in Cancer Development

Tumor biopsy data reveal overexpression of a proto-oncogene and underexpression of a tumor suppresso

Oxidative Stress Response Measurement

In an experiment to study cellular responses to oxidative stress, researchers expose cultured cells

Positive Feedback in Signal Cascades

A developmental biology study proposes that positive feedback loops can dramatically accelerate sign

Receptor Function and Ligand Binding

A recent research article argues that receptor specificity for ligands is a crucial determinant in e

Regulation of the Cell Cycle: Cyclins and CDKs

This question focuses on cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and their roles in regulating t

Signal Transduction in Mammalian Cells

A team of scientists studies the activation of a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) in cultured mamma

Temporal Dynamics of Mitosis Phases

This question investigates the timing of mitotic phases and the implications of phase duration on th

Analyzing Incomplete Dominance and Codominance

A plant biologist is studying flower color in snapdragons and human blood types. Crosses between red

Codominance in the ABO Blood Group System

An individual with AB blood type (genotype I^A I^B) mates with an individual with type O blood (geno

Comparative Study: Spermatogenesis vs. Oogenesis

A developmental biologist investigates the differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis in a ve

Crossing-Over and Genetic Diversity

Crossing-over is a critical event in meiosis that increases genetic diversity. Discuss the mechanism

Designing a Test Cross Experiment

Design a test cross experiment to determine if a tall pea plant is homozygous dominant (TT) or heter

Detection of Nondisjunction in Meiosis

Analyze experimental data to determine the phase of nondisjunction that occurred during meiosis.

Dihybrid Cross and Gene Assortment

A researcher studies a dihybrid cross in pea plants considering two traits: seed shape (round, R; wr

Dihybrid Cross and Independent Assortment

A dihybrid cross was performed to study the inheritance of two distinct traits. The table below show

Dihybrid Cross Observations

A dihybrid cross results in a combination of offspring that may or may not fit the expected 9:3:3:1

Environmental Effects on Trait Expression

The environment can significantly influence the expression of genetic traits, resulting in phenotypi

Environmental Impact on Genetic Expression: Phenotypic Plasticity

Researchers investigated the effect of different environmental conditions on the expression of a tra

Evaluating the Impact of a Mistaken Assumption in a Pollination Experiment

In an ecological study, researchers examined the effect of pollinator visits on seed production in a

Events of Prophase I in Meiosis

Prophase I of meiosis is critical for generating genetic diversity. Answer the following: (a) Descr

Examining Dihybrid Cross and Independent Assortment in Pea Plants

Design an experiment using a dihybrid cross in pea plants to test Mendel’s Law of Independent Assort

Exploring X-Chromosome Inactivation and Barr Bodies

Researchers study female mammals to understand X-chromosome inactivation. They observe the presence

Gamete Production and Fertilization

Describe the process of gametogenesis in males and females and analyze how these processes contribut

Impact of Linked Genes on Recombination Rates

Two linked genes, A and B, have a recombination frequency of 10%. Answer the following:

Impact of Meiotic Errors on Offspring Viability

Errors during meiosis, such as nondisjunction, can lead to aneuploidy and affect offspring viability

Maternal Inheritance: Mitochondrial Genetics

Mitochondrial inheritance differs from Mendelian inheritance as mitochondria are passed only from th

Mendelian Genetics and Punnett Squares

Mendel’s experiments with pea plants laid the foundation for modern genetics. In this question, you

Mendelian Inheritance and Test Cross

This question involves using a test cross to determine the genotype of a tall pea plant. A tall plan

Mendelian Inheritance: Monohybrid Cross Analysis

Using a monohybrid cross between tall pea plants (T) and short pea plants (t), analyze and predict t

Monohybrid Cross Analysis

Mendel's early work with pea plants laid the groundwork for understanding dominant and recessive tra

Non-Mendelian Genetics: Incomplete Dominance and Codominance

In some cases, inheritance does not follow strict Mendelian patterns. This question asks you to prov

Nondisjunction and Aneuploidy: Analyzing Meiotic Errors

Nondisjunction during meiosis can result in aneuploidy, such as in Down syndrome. Describe the proce

Recombination Mapping of Linked Genes

Linked genes do not always assort independently. Consider three genes A, B, and C, with recombinatio

Stages of Meiosis and Their Significance

Outline the major stages of meiosis and explain how key events (such as synapsis, crossing-over, and

Test Cross Analysis: Determining Genotype via Punnett Square

A tall pea plant with an unknown genotype is test‐crossed with a recessive short pea plant (tt). Ans

Test Cross and Determining Genotypes

A plant that exhibits the dominant tall phenotype is being test crossed with a recessive short (tt)

Bacterial Conjugation and Horizontal Gene Transfer

A study assessed the efficiency of gene transfer via bacterial conjugation across different strains.

Calculating Mutation Frequency in DNA Replication

A DNA polymerase has an error rate of 1 error per 10^7 nucleotides. For an organism with a 3×10^9 ba

Comparative Analysis of Mutation Types on Protein Function

Design an experiment to compare the effects of frameshift mutations and base substitution mutations

DNA Replication Efficiency Experiment

A researcher is investigating the effect of DNA polymerase concentration on the rate of DNA replicat

DNA Sequencing Accuracy Analysis

This question addresses the impact of sequencing errors on genetic analysis.

DNA Topoisomerase Function and Supercoiling

Proper DNA supercoiling is crucial for many cellular processes. A study investigates the effect of t

DNA Topology and Supercoiling

This question focuses on the concept of DNA supercoiling and the enzymes involved in managing DNA to

DNA Topology and the Function of Topoisomerases

In an experiment, researchers measured changes in DNA supercoiling when treated with varying concent

Evaluating Base Pairing Fidelity Under UV Exposure

A lab investigates the effect of UV radiation on DNA integrity. Samples are exposed to varied UV dos

Evaluating the Function of Telomeres and Telomerase

Researchers are investigating the role of telomeres in safeguarding chromosome ends and how telomera

FRQ 7: Point Mutations and Protein Function

A bacterial population develops antibiotic resistance after a point mutation in a gene coding for an

FRQ 13: DNA Polymerase Fidelity and Replication Errors

A mutation in the gene encoding DNA polymerase reduces its proofreading ability in a yeast culture,

Gel Electrophoresis and RFLP Analysis

Answer the following questions related to gel electrophoresis and restriction fragment length polymo

Gene Regulation in Eukaryotic Cells

In studying gene regulation, a researcher monitored mRNA expression in eukaryotic cells after applyi

Gene Regulation: Operon Model Analysis

A study investigated the operon regulation in bacteria by comparing gene expression levels under dif

Genetic Mutations and Protein Function Analysis

Evaluate the effects of specific genetic mutations on protein function by analyzing sequence data.

Modeling DNA Helix Unwinding

DNA helicase is essential for unwinding the double helix during DNA replication. Answer the followin

Quantitative Analysis of Gene Expression via qPCR

A study employs quantitative PCR (qPCR) to quantify mRNA levels of a target gene under different env

Transcriptional Inhibition by Regulatory Proteins

A study compared mRNA levels under different regulatory conditions to understand the impact of repre

Adaptive Radiation in Island Ecosystems

On an archipelago, a single ancestral species of bird has diversified into several distinct species,

Adaptive Traits and Finch Beak Variation

A population of finches exhibits variation in beak size that correlates with environmental condition

Analysis of Natural Selection in Peppered Moths

A study records the frequency of dark and light-colored Peppered moths before and after the industri

Antibiotic Resistance in Bacterial Populations

Analyze the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria using the data provided in the table, a

Artificial Selection versus Natural Selection

Contrast artificial selection with natural selection, and design an experiment to illustrate mechani

Artificial Selection: Methods and Implications

Artificial selection is a process driven by human choice. Answer the following:

Assessing Different Types of Natural Selection

A biologist conducted experiments on a population of birds with varying beak sizes. The frequency di

Convergent Evolution in Aquatic Ecosystems

In an aquatic ecosystem, cephalopods and fish have evolved similar streamlined body shapes despite t

Convergent Evolution of Similar Traits in Distant Species

Convergent evolution explains how unrelated species develop similar traits in response to similar en

Darwin's Observations and Natural Selection

A researcher reviews historical data and observations that contributed to Darwin's formulation of na

Directional Selection Under Environmental Stress

A bacterial population is exposed to an antibiotic. Initially, most bacteria are susceptible, but ov

Drosophila Wing Shape Variation: Effects of Temperature on Morphology

A team of researchers is studying a population of Drosophila to investigate how temperature influenc

Environmental Pressures and Adaptive Traits

Selective pressures from an organism’s environment influence the development of adaptive traits. Use

Environmental Pressures and Adaptive Traits

Environmental pressures, both biotic and abiotic, drive the evolution of adaptive traits. Use the fo

Environmental Pressures and Genetic Drift in Microorganisms

Evaluate the interplay between rapid environmental changes, genetic drift, and natural selection in

Evolutionary Fitness and Reproductive Success

A graph shows the distribution of reproductive success among individuals in a population. Analyze ho

Experimental Analysis of Mutation Rates in Bacteria

In laboratory experiments, mutation rates can be measured by exposing bacterial populations to varyi

Experimental Design: Bacterial Evolution under Antibiotic Pressure

Design an experiment to study directional selection in a bacterial population exposed to an antibiot

Experimental Design: The Impact of Genetic Variation on Survival

A researcher hypothesizes that populations with higher genetic variation have a better chance of sur

Experimental Test of Lamarckian vs Darwinian Inheritance

Design an experiment to test whether acquired traits, such as increased muscle mass from exercise, a

Fossil Record Analysis and Dating Techniques

Dating methods and fossil records are crucial for understanding evolutionary timelines. Delve into t

Gene Flow and Its Impact on Population Genetics

Gene flow plays a critical role in shaping genetic diversity within populations. Examine how migrati

Genetic Drift: Bottleneck Effect in a Small Population

A study tracked the frequency of a specific allele in a small population over 10 generations. A grap

Genetic Equilibrium and Disruptive Evolutionary Forces

Examine the conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and analyze factors that can disrupt

Genetic Variability and Adaptation

Discuss the importance of genetic variability in evolutionary adaptation, focusing on the mechanisms

Genetic Variability and Evolutionary Potential

Explain the importance of genetic variability in evolution and estimate the impact of mutation rate

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Analysis in a Beetle Population

A population of beetles exhibits color variations due to a single gene with two alleles. Analyze the

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Population Genetics

This question requires you to analyze the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and explore deviations from its

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Population Genetics

Understanding population genetics relies on the application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Use t

Impact of Mutation, Genetic Drift, and Gene Flow

Mutations, genetic drift, and gene flow are non-selective mechanisms that can alter allele frequenci

Impacts of Mutation and Genetic Drift on Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A population’s genotype frequencies were recorded before and after an event. Analyze the following d

Lamarck vs Darwin: Comparative Analysis

Research on evolutionary theories continues to provoke discussion. Compare the historical theories o

Lamarck vs Darwin: Mechanisms of Evolution

Compare and contrast the mechanisms of evolution as proposed by Lamarck and Darwin. Answer the follo

Measuring Evolutionary Fitness in Frog Populations

In this experiment, a researcher investigates evolutionary fitness within a frog population by quant

Measuring Reproductive Success in Variable Environments

Evolutionary fitness is commonly measured by reproductive success, but environmental factors can inf

Mechanisms of Speciation

Speciation is the process by which new species arise. Various mechanisms contribute to the formation

Mendelian Inheritance in Populations

In a population of 200 plants, 150 exhibit the dominant red flower phenotype and 50 exhibit the rece

Miller-Urey Experiment Simulation: Origins of Life

Scientists replicate the famous Miller-Urey experiment to simulate early Earth conditions. In the ex

Modeling Directional vs. Stabilizing Selection

This question requires analysis of selection patterns using a graph and a mathematical model. Determ

Modeling the Hardy-Weinberg Principle in a Changing Population

Apply the Hardy-Weinberg principle to a population undergoing genetic change, and critique the model

Molecular Biology: DNA Sequencing and Phylogeny

Molecular data has become a crucial tool in constructing phylogenies. Consider the following data on

Molecular Evidence and Common Ancestry

Molecular biology offers compelling evidence for evolution. Discuss how molecular data supports the

Molecular Evidence for Common Ancestry

Molecular biology has become a powerful tool for inferring evolutionary relationships. Answer the fo

Molecular Evidence for Evolution

Discuss how molecular biology provides critical evidence for evolution, with a focus on DNA and prot

Molecular Evidence for Evolution

Molecular comparisons provide compelling evidence for common ancestry. Answer the following parts:

Molecular Evidence for Evolution: Comparative DNA Analysis

This FRQ focuses on how molecular data, such as DNA sequence comparisons, provide compelling evidenc

Mutation Rates and Environmental Factors

Mutations introduce new genetic variation. Consider a gene with a length of 2000 base pairs and a mu

Natural Selection and Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria

An experiment is conducted in which bacterial cultures are exposed to an antibiotic over several gen

Natural Selection and Environmental Pressures

This question examines how environmental pressures drive natural selection in a population. Using da

Natural Selection Under Changing Environmental Conditions

Analyze how environmental changes impact allele frequencies in a population based on provided experi

Origins of Life and the RNA-World Hypothesis

Experiments simulating early Earth conditions have provided data on the synthesis of amino acids. Us

Peppered Moth Case Study: Data Interpretation

A table presents data on the phenotypic ratios of dark and light peppered moths before and after ind

Peppered Moths: A Case Study in Natural Selection

Examine a historical scenario involving the peppered moth. Before industrialization, the moth popula

Peppered Moths: Directional Selection in Polluted Environments

Prior to industrial pollution, peppered moths exhibited a 1:1 ratio of light to dark morphs. Followi

Phylogenetic Tree Analysis and Evolutionary Relationships

Examine the provided phylogenetic tree diagram that represents relationships among various vertebrat

Phylogenetic Trees and Cladograms

Evaluate the use of phylogenetic trees and cladograms in determining evolutionary relationships amon

Phylogenetic Trees and Common Ancestry

Examine the scenario described below regarding relationships among four species and their common anc

Population Bottlenecks and Founder Effects

Population bottlenecks and founder effects are important examples of genetic drift. Evaluate how the

Population Bottlenecks and the Founder Effect

A graph displays a dramatic reduction in population size (a bottleneck event) followed by recovery.

Selection Patterns: Stabilizing vs. Disruptive Selection

Different types of selection can shape a population’s trait distribution in distinct ways. Consider

Selection Pressures in Peppered Moth Populations

The case of the peppered moth is a classic example of natural selection, where environmental changes

Selective Pressures in Plant Populations: Light and Resource Competition

An experiment is conducted on two groups of plants grown under varying light intensities. Researcher

Speciation and Reproductive Barriers

Discuss how reproductive barriers can lead to speciation, focusing on the roles of pre-zygotic and p

Stress-induced Mutations in Drought-Stressed Plant Populations

In this experiment, a researcher exposes a population of plants to controlled drought conditions in

Testing the Effects of Mutations on Population Genetics Using Microorganisms

Using a controlled microbial system with a known rate of spontaneous mutation, design an experiment

The Peppered Moth Case Study: Directional Selection

Examine the classic case of the peppered moth and answer the following questions:

The Role of Sexual Selection

Examine the role of sexual selection in the evolution of secondary sexual characteristics.

Trade-offs in Evolutionary Fitness: A Quantitative Model

In many populations, trade-offs exist between traits such as predator avoidance and reproductive out

Types of Natural Selection and Environmental Adaptation

Different types of natural selection lead to diverse evolutionary outcomes. Analyze directional, sta

Assessing Biodiversity using Simpson’s Diversity Index

A field ecologist surveys a pond ecosystem and records the number of organisms for each species. Use

Critical Analysis of Altruistic Behavior in Social Insects

A study on a particular species of ants claims that altruistic behavior, observed during food search

Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss

This FRQ examines the impact of deforestation on biodiversity and explores potential conservation st

Distinguishing Learning and Instinct in Animal Behavior

A researcher observes that in a group of birds, certain behaviors are exhibited immediately upon hat

Ecological Energy Pyramid and Trophic Levels

This FRQ focuses on the energy transfer within ecosystems as represented by ecological pyramids, and

Effects of Invasive Species on Biodiversity

Analyze the data in the table below, which shows a decline in species richness over time following t

Examining Symbiotic Relationships: Mutualism, Commensalism, and Parasitism

A hypothesis proposes that ecosystem stability depends on the balance between mutualistic, commensal

Gravitropism: Plant Response to Gravity

A student is investigating how plant roots and shoots respond to gravity – roots exhibit positive gr

Impact of Toxins in Food Webs

In an ecosystem study, toxin concentrations were measured across trophic levels. Use the data to det

Keystone Species and Trophic Cascades

An ecologist studied the impact of removing a keystone predator from an ecosystem. The table below c

Learning and Conditioning in Animal Behavior

Animals adapt to their environments through various forms of learning. Two key processes are habitua

Learning versus Instinct: Behavioral Adaptations in Navigational Tasks

A study compared the maze navigation times of animals relying solely on instinct versus those allowe

Photoperiodism and Flowering Time in Plants

Photoperiodism regulates flowering in many plant species. Answer the following parts.

Photoperiodism and Seasonal Behavior in Plants

Examine the graph provided showing variation in day length over the months of a year. Answer the fol

Plant Behavior: Phototropism vs. Gravitropism

This FRQ explores the underlying mechanisms of two key plant responses: phototropism and gravitropis

Plant Tropism: Phototropism vs. Gravitropism

A plant physiologist compared two directional growth responses: one in response to light (phototropi

Plant Tropisms: Phototropism vs Thigmotropism

A botanist is interested in determining whether the signaling pathways involved in phototropism (res

Population Growth and Carrying Capacity

This FRQ examines population dynamics with a focus on exponential growth and carrying capacity.

Simpson’s Diversity Index and Ecosystem Health

This FRQ assesses your understanding of biodiversity metrics, particularly Simpson’s Diversity Index

Symbiosis in Ecosystems

This question examines the different types of symbiotic relationships and analyzes real-world exampl

Symbiotic Relationships: Effects of Parasitism on Host Populations

A parasitologist is studying how a parasite affects the health and survival of a freshwater fish spe