AP Biology FRQ Room

Amino Acid Properties and Protein Folding

Examine how the polarity of amino acid side chains influences protein folding and enzyme activity un

Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

Analyze the structural differences and functional roles of carbohydrates in biological systems. Use

Carbon and the Formation of Organic Molecules

A molecular biologist is examining why carbon is uniquely suited to form the complex organic molecul

Chemical Bonding: Ionic and Covalent Bonds

Examine the differences between ionic and covalent bonds including examples found in biological mole

DNA Structure and Effects of Point Mutations

Examine the structure of nucleic acids and the consequences of genetic mutations.

FRQ 10: Levels of Protein Structure

Proteins exhibit four levels of structure that are essential for their function. Analyze these struc

FRQ 11: Classification of Amino Acids

Amino acids are classified based on the properties of their side chains. Discuss how this classifica

FRQ 15: Structure and Function of Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information. Analyze the structur

Hydrogen Bonding and Water's Unique Properties

Analyze the impact of hydrogen bonding on water's physical properties and discuss why these properti

Interconnection Between Organic Molecule Classes

Biological systems rely on the interplay among carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. E

Investigating Carbohydrate Polymerization via Dehydration Synthesis

A researcher studies the formation of disaccharides through dehydration synthesis by mixing two mono

Investigating Water’s Hydrogen Bonding Effects on Surface Tension

A chemistry class compares the surface tension of pure water with that of water-ethanol mixtures. Th

Isotopic Tracers in Metabolic Pathways

Analyze the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of metabolic pathways.

Lipids and Membrane Dynamics

Discuss how the structural characteristics of lipids influence cell membrane properties.

Molecular Composition and Elements in Life

This question asks you to explore how the elements fundamental to life (O, C, H, and N) contribute t

Nucleic Acid Structure and Function

Compare the structural features of DNA and RNA and discuss how these differences are related to thei

Nucleic Acids and Genetic Information

Evaluate the structures of nucleic acids and discuss how these structures enable them to perform the

Phospholipids and Capillary Action

Analyze the properties of phospholipids and their role in biological systems.

Protein Structure and Function

Examine the four levels of protein structure and explain how the primary sequence of amino acids inf

Protein Structure and Function

Investigate the levels of protein structure and determine how these levels contribute to protein fun

Structure and Function of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates such as starch and cellulose are both polymers of glucose but differ in their glycosid

Subatomic Particles and Isotopic Variations

Understanding subatomic particles is fundamental to grasping atomic structure and isotopic variation

Trace Elements in Ecosystem Function

An ecologist is researching the role of trace elements (e.g., iron, iodine, copper) in the health of

Water's Role in Homeostasis

Discuss how the unique properties of water contribute to homeostasis in biological systems.

Active Transport and ATP Usage in Ion Pumps

A study was conducted to assess the role of ATP in the activity of the sodium-potassium pump in cult

Active Transport and the Sodium-Potassium Pump

Active transport is essential for maintaining ion gradients across the plasma membrane. (a) Describ

Cellular Responses to Environmental Stress: Osmotic Pressure

The table below presents data on the percentage of cells undergoing plasmolysis under different osmo

Cilia and Flagella: Mechanisms of Locomotion

Cilia and flagella facilitate cell movement, but through different structural and functional means.

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Structures

A recent media report claims that prokaryotic cells are more efficient in energy utilization compare

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

This question explores the structural differences and corresponding functional implications between

Cytoskeleton and Cellular Division

A cell biologist is investigating the role of the cytoskeleton in maintaining cell shape and facilit

Cytoskeleton Dynamics in Cell Division

A researcher investigates the role of the cytoskeleton, particularly actin microfilaments, in the pr

Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells

Plant and animal cells share many features but also display distinct differences. Analyze these diff

Endocytosis and Exocytosis Mechanisms

A researcher investigates how cells internalize and secrete materials through endocytosis and exocyt

Endocytosis Inhibition Study

An investigation into receptor-mediated endocytosis was carried out by treating cultured cells with

Fluid Mosaic Model and Plasma Membrane Function

The table below lists different types of membrane proteins and their functions. Use this information

Graphical Analysis of Osmosis in Plant Cells

This question involves analyzing a graph that displays water potential in plant cells under hyperton

Lysosomal Enzyme Kinetics

Lysosomal enzymes often follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics, described by $$v = \frac{V_{max} * S}{K_m

Lysosomes in Cellular Maintenance and Apoptosis

Lysosomes play a key role in cellular digestion and programmed cell death (apoptosis). (a) Define t

Mechanisms of Bulk Flow

This question focuses on the concept of bulk flow and its significance in biological transport proce

Membrane Composition and Fluidity: The Role of Cholesterol

Design an experiment to assess how altering membrane cholesterol levels affects membrane fluidity an

Membrane Protein Density and the Fluid Mosaic Model

According to the fluid mosaic model, integral proteins are embedded within the lipid bilayer of the

Mitochondrial Function and Cellular Respiration

A biologist obtains experimental data showing oxygen consumption in cells under varying concentratio

Mitochondrial Function and Energy Production

This question focuses on the role of mitochondria in energy production and the relationship between

Mitochondrial Structure and ATP Synthesis

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, with structures that are intricately linked to their f

Nucleus, Genetic Material, and Ribosome Assembly

The nucleus plays an essential role in housing genetic material and orchestrating ribosome productio

Osmoregulation and Water Potential

Water potential is a key factor in osmoregulation within cells. Evaluate how variations in solute co

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cellular Organization

Answer the following questions comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (a) List and explain thr

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio and Cell Efficiency

This FRQ investigates how cell size affects the efficiency of material exchange. Consider a spherica

Temperature Effects on Active Transport Mechanisms

Design an experiment to assess how varying temperatures affect the activity of the sodium-potassium

The Nucleus and Genetic Material Organization

Explore the structure and function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. Answer the following parts:

Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes

A study investigates the regulation of a metabolic enzyme via allosteric inhibition. The enzyme's ac

Anaerobic Glycolysis

Discuss how glycolysis proceeds in the absence of oxygen and explain the importance of NAD+ regenera

Anaerobic Respiration: Fermentation in Muscle Cells and Yeast

This question investigates anaerobic respiration pathways in muscle cells and yeast, focusing on the

Analysis of Reaction Coupling Mechanisms

Reaction coupling allows cells to drive unfavorable reactions by pairing them with favorable ones. A

ATP Yield in Cellular Respiration

This question integrates knowledge of cellular respiration to explore ATP production.

Bioenergetic Trade-offs in Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration

A researcher compares aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of energy yield and metabolic bypro

Comparative Analysis of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

Design an experiment to compare ATP yield from muscle cells under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Comparative ATP Production in Cellular Respiration vs Photosynthesis

A researcher compares energy production in heterotrophic cells via cellular respiration and in autot

Comparative Energy Pathways: Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration

Compare the energy conversion processes in photosynthesis and cellular respiration, with a focus on

Coupled Reactions and ATP Synthesis

A researcher investigates how cells couple exergonic and endergonic reactions to drive ATP synthesis

Coupled Reactions and Reaction Mechanisms

In cells, unfavorable (endergonic) reactions are often driven by coupling them with favorable (exerg

Designing an Experiment on Allosteric Regulation

Design a controlled experiment to test the effect of an allosteric inhibitor on enzyme activity.

Effect of pH on Enzyme Kinetics

A researcher conducts an experiment to study how pH affects the activity of an enzyme involved in AT

Effects of Competitive Inhibition on Enzyme Function

In an experiment, a researcher examines the effect of a competitive inhibitor on an enzyme-catalyzed

Environmental Impact on Enzyme Function

This question assesses how extreme environmental conditions affect enzyme structure and function.

Enzyme Inhibition and Kinetic Analysis

A biochemist is studying the effects of different inhibitors on an enzyme's activity and how these i

Enzyme Inhibition Mechanisms

Enzymatic activity can be modulated by various inhibitors. This problem examines both competitive an

Enzyme Kinetics Analysis

A researcher conducts an experiment where the rate of an enzyme reaction is measured at varying subs

Enzyme-Substrate Interaction and Induced-Fit

A researcher investigates enzyme kinetics to understand how the enzyme-substrate complex forms and h

Glycolysis and Pyruvate Metabolism

A biochemist explores glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose, and its initial contribution to cellular

Impact of Cofactor Concentration and pH on DNA Polymerase Activity

Researchers sought to evaluate the dependence of DNA polymerase activity on magnesium ion concentrat

Impact of Inhibitors on Metabolic Pathways

A researcher analyzes the impact of enzyme inhibitors on a metabolic pathway by examining changes in

Impact of Temperature-Induced Denaturation on Enzyme Activity

A study is conducted to examine the effect of high temperatures on a catalase enzyme. Enzyme activit

Inhibition Kinetics: Competitive vs Noncompetitive Inhibition

This question examines the kinetic differences between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors.

Investigation of ATP Synthase Activity via Proton Gradient Manipulation

Design an experiment to determine how alterations in the proton gradient across the mitochondrial in

Krebs Cycle Stoichiometry

The Krebs cycle plays a vital role in cellular respiration. In this problem, analyze the stoichiomet

Proton Gradient and ATP Synthesis

A biologist investigates ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis in mitochondria, focusing on the role of the

Quantitative Analysis of Chemiosmosis

ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis is driven by the flow of protons across a membrane. Analyze this rela

Role of ATP in Cellular Energy Transfer

Discuss the role of ATP in cellular energy transfer by answering the following parts.

The Calvin Cycle and Carbon Fixation

This question examines the biochemical steps of the Calvin cycle and its regulation in different pla

The Krebs Cycle: Mechanisms and Energy Production

This question addresses the sequence of reactions within the Krebs cycle and its role in energy prod

Thermodynamic Constraints on Reaction Coupling

This question explores the thermodynamic basis for coupling reactions in metabolism.

Time-Course Analysis of Glycolysis

The table below presents a time-course study of glycolysis showing changes in concentrations of gluc

Analysis of Tumor Suppressor Gene Function in the Cell Cycle

Tumor suppressor genes play a critical role in preventing uncontrolled cell division. Analyze a scen

Analyzing Signal Transduction Pathways: Crosstalk and Amplification

An experiment investigates the dynamics of a signal transduction cascade and suggests there may be c

Analyzing the Effects of Mutations in CDKs on Cell Cycle Progression

A study compares wild-type cells to cells with mutations in cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), assessi

Catalytic Receptors and Enzymatic Activation

A researcher investigates a class of catalytic receptors that possess intrinsic enzymatic activity a

Cell Communication in Tissue Regeneration

During wound healing, tissue regeneration relies on effective cell communication via growth factor s

Chemical Inhibition of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Design an experiment to test how a chemical inhibitor affects the functioning of ligand-gated ion ch

Chemotaxis and Environmental Adaptation in Microorganisms

Some microorganisms use chemotaxis as an adaptive response to environmental changes. A researcher is

Chemotaxis in Unicellular Organisms

A recent study claims that chemotaxis in unicellular organisms is primarily controlled by the intera

Comparative Analysis of Mitosis and Cytokinesis

A study compares the process of mitosis in two different cell types—one with rapid division and anot

Comparative Analysis of Short-Range vs. Long-Range Signaling

Cells communicate using both short-range (e.g., paracrine) and long-range (e.g., hormonal) signaling

Designing an Experiment: Investigating Feedback Inhibition in Cellular Signaling

Feedback inhibition is a key regulatory mechanism in cellular signaling pathways where the end produ

Effects of Temperature on Mitotic Duration

Design an experiment to determine how temperature variations affect the duration of mitosis in eukar

Effects of UV Radiation on Cell Cycle and Viability

This question examines how UV radiation impacts cell cycle checkpoints and overall cell viability, i

Impact of Environmental Stimuli on Unicellular Organisms

Unicellular organisms rely on taxis to navigate their environments. Answer the following questions r

Interphase and DNA Replication Dynamics

Interphase is a critical period in the cell cycle during which cells grow and replicate their DNA.

Interpreting Experimental Data on Cell Cycle Regulation

Experimental data often reveals how protein levels correlate with cellular behaviors. Consider the t

Mathematical Modeling of Signal Amplification

Cellular signaling pathways often feature amplification steps that magnify the initial signal. Throu

Oncogene Activation Analysis

A researcher investigates oncogene activation in epithelial cells by exposing them to a suspected ca

Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressors, and Cancer Progression

A research study compares the proliferation rates of different cell types to understand the roles of

Pathway Crosstalk Analysis in Fibroblasts

A researcher explores potential crosstalk between the MAP kinase pathway and the PI3K/Akt pathway in

Receptor Conformational Changes and Signal Transmission

A researcher investigates the molecular mechanisms by which receptor proteins transmit external sign

Short-Range vs. Long-Range Cell Signaling

Design an experiment to compare short-range (e.g., gap junction-mediated) and long-range (e.g., para

Signal Transduction Cascades: Ligand-Receptor Binding

Design an experiment to measure the activation of a receptor by a specific ligand and the resulting

Signal Transduction in Multicellular Organisms

In multicellular organisms, efficient cell communication is essential for maintaining homeostasis. A

Signaling Molecule Binding Specificity

Receptor-ligand interactions are critical for signal transduction specificity. Use the provided diag

Advanced Probability in Dihybrid Crosses

In a dihybrid cross involving two heterozygous traits, a geneticist requires precise probability cal

Barr Bodies and X-Chromosome Inactivation Analysis

Using the provided diagram of a female cell nucleus, analyze the process of X-chromosome inactivatio

Barr Bodies and X-Inactivation

X-inactivation is a process that equalizes gene dosage in female mammals. Answer the following: (a)

Critical Evaluation of Dominance and Segregation Claims

A recent research study claims that the observed 3:1 phenotype ratio in a plant monohybrid cross doe

Efficiency of Gametogenesis in Different Organisms

Two organisms were studied for the efficiency of gamete production. The table below presents the per

Environmental Influence on Phenotypic Plasticity

Environmental factors can influence the phenotype even when the genotype remains constant. This phen

Experimental Analysis of Meiotic Nondisjunction in Model Organisms

A research group studied meiotic nondisjunction by examining gametes from a model organism using flu

Experimental Design: Test Cross for Genetic Analysis

Design an experiment using a test cross to determine whether a plant exhibiting a dominant phenotype

Gametogenesis Differences: Spermatogenesis vs. Oogenesis

Gametogenesis is the process by which germ cells develop into mature gametes. This question compares

Integrative Inheritance: Combining Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Traits

Design an experiment in which you cross organisms that exhibit both Mendelian (e.g., dominant/recess

Interpreting Pedigree Data for Inherited Disorders

A pedigree analysis was conducted for a genetic disorder. The table below summarizes information fro

Investigating Incomplete Dominance in Snapdragon Flowers

A botanist investigates the inheritance pattern of flower color in snapdragons by crossing a true‐br

Investigating Meiotic Errors: Nondisjunction Events

A geneticist investigates nondisjunction events in meiosis by analyzing gametes with abnormal chromo

Investigating Meiotic Nondisjunction Effects

During a study on meiotic errors, a cytogeneticist examines the occurrence of nondisjunction in game

Meiosis and Genetic Variation

Meiosis plays a critical role in generating genetic variation and reducing the chromosome number in

Mendel’s Laws: Dominance and Segregation

This question focuses on the fundamental principles of Mendel’s laws. You will describe these laws a

Non-disjunction and Aneuploidy Analysis

This question addresses errors during meiosis, specifically nondisjunction, and its consequences for

Non-Mendelian Inheritance: Incomplete Dominance and Codominance

Describe examples of incomplete dominance and codominance. Then, conduct a genetic analysis of snapd

Recombination Mapping and Gene Order Determination

A genetic study on three genes (X, Y, and Z) produced the following recombination frequencies: $$rf_

Sex-Linked Inheritance in Pedigree Data

A geneticist analyzed a set of pedigree data for a trait suspected to be X-linked. The table below s

Stages of Meiosis: Analyzing a Diagram

Using the provided diagram of meiotic stages, analyze the key events that contribute to genetic vari

Applications of Genetic Engineering

This question explores the applications of genetic engineering, including recombinant DNA technology

Chromatin Remodeling and Epigenetic Regulation Experiment

A researcher treats cultured cells with a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor to study its effects

Chromatin Structure and Eukaryotic Gene Expression

This question investigates the influence of chromatin structure on gene accessibility and expression

Comparative Analysis of Translation

Discuss the translation process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting key differences and

DNA Polymerase Proofreading and Replication Fidelity

An in vitro experiment compares DNA replication by polymerases with and without proofreading activit

DNA Replication Dynamics Analysis

A researcher studies DNA replication kinetics by tracking the advancement of replication forks in is

DNA Topology and Supercoiling

Investigate the challenges posed by DNA supercoiling during replication and the role of topoisomeras

Effects of Mutations on Protein Function

Analyze different types of point mutations and discuss their potential impacts on protein synthesis.

Epigenetic Gene Silencing Study with Inadequate Chromatin Isolation

A researcher investigates differential gene expression between euchromatin and heterochromatin regio

Evaluating the Function of Telomeres and Telomerase

Researchers are investigating the role of telomeres in safeguarding chromosome ends and how telomera

Examining the Effects of Histone Modification on Gene Expression

A study examined the relationship between histone acetylation levels and gene activity. The graph be

FRQ 7: Point Mutations and Protein Function

A bacterial population develops antibiotic resistance after a point mutation in a gene coding for an

Gel Electrophoresis Analysis

Explain how gel electrophoresis is used to separate and analyze DNA fragments, and interpret experim

Genomic Organization and Chromatin Structure

Discuss how genomic organization affects gene expression.

Impact of Telomere Shortening on Cellular Aging

A study was conducted to measure telomere length across successive cell divisions. The table below s

Leading versus Lagging Strand Synthesis Analysis

Examine the schematic diagram of a DNA replication fork provided and answer the following questions

Mechanisms of RNA Interference (RNAi)

A study explored the effectiveness of different RNAi molecules in silencing a target gene in culture

Mutation Effects: Frameshift vs. In-Frame Insertions

This question addresses the consequences of insertion mutations on protein structure.

Operon Model in Prokaryotic Gene Regulation

Investigate the regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes with a focus on the operon model.

Operon Regulation Under Nutrient Conditions

This question explores how environmental conditions can affect operon-mediated gene regulation in ba

PCR Amplification with Flawed Primer Design

A scientist is performing PCR to amplify a specific gene segment. The experiment employs primers des

Plasmid Construction and Genetic Engineering

This question focuses on the use of plasmids in genetic engineering. Provide comprehensive answers t

Recombinant DNA and Ethical Implications

Explore the process of creating recombinant DNA and discuss its scientific benefits alongside potent

Reverse Transcription in Retroviruses

This question explores reverse transcription in retroviruses and its comparison to typical DNA repli

RNA Processing and Alternative Splicing

This question examines the post-transcriptional modifications of RNA and their significance in produ

Role of tRNA Anticodon Modification in Protein Synthesis

Design an experiment to investigate the impact of anticodon modifications in tRNA on the rate of tra

Telomere Dynamics and Cellular Aging

An experiment tracked telomere length over successive cell divisions. Refer to the provided graph an

Telomere Function and Cellular Aging

Answer the following questions regarding telomere structure, its role in cellular aging, and implica

Viral Replication and Horizontal Gene Transfer

Investigate the replication cycles of viruses and their role in horizontal gene transfer among bacte

Adaptive Change in Response to Climate Alteration

In this long-term study, a researcher monitors a population of lizards over a 10-year period to asse

Adaptive Traits and Environmental Pressures

Consider a scenario where two populations of the same species are subjected to different environment

Artificial Selection in Domestic Animals

A livestock breeder aims to increase milk production in cows through selective breeding. Design an e

Biogeography and Evolutionary Patterns

Biogeography provides important insights into the processes of speciation and evolutionary history.

Case Study: The Impact of Pollution on Peppered Moth Populations

Using the peppered moth as a case study, analyze how environmental pollution affects allele frequenc

Cladistics and Morphological Homologies

Morphological homologies provide key evidence for common ancestry. Use cladistics to analyze evoluti

Comparative Analysis of Lamarckian and Darwinian Evolution

Critically compare the theories of Lamarckian evolution and Darwin’s natural selection regarding the

Constructing a Phylogenetic Tree

Explain the process of constructing a phylogenetic tree using molecular data. Answer the following p

Constructing and Interpreting Phylogenetic Trees

A phylogenetic analysis yields a graphical representation of evolutionary relationships among severa

Constructing Phylogenetic Trees to Understand Common Ancestry

This FRQ focuses on how molecular and fossil records are used together to construct phylogenetic tre

Convergent vs. Divergent Evolution

Evolutionary processes can lead to similar traits through different mechanisms. The table provided c

Critical Evaluation of a Media Report on Evolutionary Claims

A recent media report claims that the 'sudden appearance of complex life forms in the fossil record

Darwin's Observations and Evidence for Evolution

Discuss how Darwin’s observation that species produce more offspring than can survive supports the m

Differentiating Directional and Stabilizing Selection

This FRQ explores the differing outcomes of directional versus stabilizing selection on trait distri

Effects of Gene Flow on Allele Frequencies

Investigate how gene flow affects allele frequencies in populations, using both definitions and nume

Environmental Pressure and Enzyme Activity

A study investigates how enzyme activity in an organism changes with temperature. A graph depicting

Environmental Pressures and Reproductive Success

A study measured the reproductive success of insects with varying wing shapes under high wind condit

Evaluating the Peppered Moth Experiment

Analyze the evolutionary changes observed in the peppered moth population during industrialization a

Evolutionary Fitness and Reproductive Success

Discuss the concept of evolutionary fitness and how reproductive success is used to measure it.

Evolutionary Impact of Rapid Climate Change

Discuss the potential evolutionary impacts of rapid climate change on species, particularly those wi

Evolutionary Stasis and Punctuated Equilibrium

Evaluate the theories of gradualistic evolution versus punctuated equilibrium in explaining patterns

Experimental Test of Lamarckian vs Darwinian Inheritance

Design an experiment to test whether acquired traits, such as increased muscle mass from exercise, a

Exploring the RNA-World Hypothesis and the Origins of Life

Discuss the RNA-world hypothesis and its significance in theories of the origins of life on Earth, a

Factors Disrupting Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Discuss the factors that can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in a population:

Gene Flow and Genetic Drift in Small Populations

Examine the influences of gene flow and genetic drift on small populations:

Gene Flow and Its Impact on Population Genetics

Gene flow plays a critical role in shaping genetic diversity within populations. Examine how migrati

Gene Flow and Local Adaptation in Fragmented Populations

Discuss the role of gene flow in shaping local adaptation in geographically fragmented populations.

Genetic Drift: Bottleneck Effect in a Small Population

A study tracked the frequency of a specific allele in a small population over 10 generations. A grap

Genetic Equilibrium and Disruptive Evolutionary Forces

Examine the conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and analyze factors that can disrupt

Genetic Variability and the Peppered Moths

Discuss the importance of genetic variability in evolution, using the peppered moth phenomenon as a

Graph Analysis: Rate of Speciation

This question requires you to analyze a graph depicting speciation events over time and perform a re

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Population Genetics

Understanding population genetics relies on the application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Use t

Impact of Invasive Species on Native Genotypes

In this experiment, a researcher assesses the impact of an invasive species on the genetic diversity

Interpreting Hardy-Weinberg Deviations

Using the genotype count data before and after selection provided in the table, analyze deviations f

Mendelian Inheritance in Populations

In a population of 200 plants, 150 exhibit the dominant red flower phenotype and 50 exhibit the rece

Molecular Biology: DNA Sequencing and Phylogeny

Molecular data has become a crucial tool in constructing phylogenies. Consider the following data on

Molecular Evidence and Evolutionary Relationships

Molecular biology provides a compelling line of evidence for evolutionary relationships through comp

Molecular Evidence for Evolution

Molecular comparisons among species can help illustrate common ancestry. The table below shows perce

Molecular Evidence for Evolution: Cladistic Analysis

Analyze the molecular data provided in the table to construct a cladogram and explain how DNA sequen

Molecular Phylogenetics: Constructing Trees Using DNA Sequences

Scientists compare DNA sequences of a specific gene from several species to infer evolutionary relat

Mutation and Genetic Drift: Population Dynamics

In populations, both mutations and genetic drift can alter allele frequencies independently of natur

Mutation and Its Impact on Evolutionary Processes

Mutations are a primary source of genetic variability and can influence evolution in various ways. A

Natural Selection Under Changing Environmental Conditions

Analyze how environmental changes impact allele frequencies in a population based on provided experi

Peppered Moths: An Example of Natural Selection

This question examines the effects of natural selection on phenotype frequencies using the example o

Peppered Moths: Directional Selection in Polluted Environments

Prior to industrial pollution, peppered moths exhibited a 1:1 ratio of light to dark morphs. Followi

Phylogenetic Trees and Common Ancestry

This question focuses on the interpretation and evaluation of graphical representations of evolution

Population Bottlenecks and Founder Effects

Examine how population bottlenecks and founder effects can dramatically alter allele frequencies in

Population Dynamics in Response to Climate Change

Climate change can affect population genetics and dynamics. Answer the following:

Sexual Selection and Avian Plumage

In this experiment, a researcher investigates sexual selection in birds by comparing the mating succ

Sexual Selection and Trait Exaggeration

The table below records data on male bird tail lengths and their corresponding number of mating part

Sexual Selection: Trade-offs in Peafowl

Studies of peafowl indicate that males with larger and more colorful tails are more attractive to fe

Speciation and Reproductive Isolation

Speciation involves the evolution of reproductive isolation. Answer the following:

Speciation and Reproductive Isolation Mechanisms

Examine the mechanisms of speciation and the role of reproductive isolation in the formation of new

Studying Gene Flow in Populations

Analyze the impact of gene flow on allele frequencies within and between populations. Answer the fol

The RNA World Hypothesis and the Origins of Life

Experiments simulating early Earth conditions, such as the Miller-Urey experiment, provide support f

The Role of Genetic Drift

Evaluate the role of genetic drift in shaping genetic variation within populations, particularly in

Types of Selection: Navigating Trait Distributions

Different types of natural selection result in distinct changes to trait distributions in population

Aggressive Behavior and Dominance Hierarchies in Birds

A researcher studies aggressive behavior in a group of roosters competing for a limited food resourc

Animal Communication: Pheromones and Agonistic Behaviors

This FRQ focuses on the various ways animals communicate, emphasizing chemical signaling and social

Assessing Human Impact on Biodiversity

A dataset comparing pre- and post-industrial activity conditions in a forest ecosystem shows changes

Assessing Primary Productivity in Aquatic Ecosystems

A limnologist aims to assess the net primary productivity (NPP) of two lakes by measuring both gross

Biodiversity Analysis and Diversity Index

Using the species count data provided, calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index and interpret what the va

Carrying Capacity and Population Stability

An ecologist monitors a population of rodents in a confined habitat. The data initially show exponen

Chemical Communication in Ant Colonies

An entomologist studies chemical communication in ant colonies by adding an external chemical cue ne

Circadian Rhythm Disruption in Nocturnal Mammals

A scientist investigates circadian rhythm patterns in a population of nocturnal bats. The experiment

Circadian Rhythm Phase Shift Analysis

Researchers are studying circadian rhythms in roosters and plants. The activity level of the organis

Circadian Rhythms in Endotherms and Ectotherms

Review the graph provided, which compares the circadian patterns of body temperature in an endotherm

Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss

This FRQ examines the impact of deforestation on biodiversity and explores potential conservation st

Designing an Experiment to Determine Carrying Capacity

A researcher aims to determine the carrying capacity of a freshwater lake for a particular fish spec

Ecological Succession in Primary Succession Environments

Ecological succession is the process by which the species structure of an ecosystem gradually change

Ecological Succession on a New Island

After a volcanic eruption, a newly formed island is colonized over several decades through primary s

Ecological Succession: Primary Succession

Ecological succession describes the process of change in species composition over time following a d

Energy Flow in Ecological Pyramids

This FRQ examines the concept of energy transfer in ecosystems through the ecological pyramid.

Energy Transfer Efficiency and Trophic Dynamics in a Marine Ecosystem

A marine biologist aims to quantify the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels in a co

Energy Transfer Efficiency in an Aquatic Food Web

A marine ecologist aims to quantify energy transfer efficiency across trophic levels in a coastal fo

Examining Symbiotic Relationships: Mutualism, Commensalism, and Parasitism

A hypothesis proposes that ecosystem stability depends on the balance between mutualistic, commensal

Experimental Analysis of Habituation and Imprinting

In a controlled experiment, animals were exposed to a repeated stimulus to test habituation, and the

Experimental Analysis of Population Growth in Bacterial Cultures

A microbiologist sets up an experiment to observe the exponential growth of a bacterial culture in a

Experimental Evaluation of Habituation in Rodents

An experiment was conducted in which a rodent was repeatedly exposed to a harmless sound. Over time,

Exponential Growth in Bacterial Cultures

A bacterial culture starts with 100 cells and doubles every 3 hours. The growth is modeled by the eq

Imprinting Behavior in Avian Species

A researcher is studying the imprinting behavior of ducklings. The experimental process involves pla

Learning and Habituation in Organisms: Experimental Interpretation

Learning can involve a decrease in response to an unimportant stimulus through habituation. Answer t

Learning Through Habituation Analysis

A behavioral experiment measured the startle response of animals subjected to a repeated startling s

Modeling Exponential Population Growth

Examine the dynamics of exponential population growth in an ideal environment and discuss its limita

Modeling Population Growth: Exponential Growth Analysis

Populations in ideal conditions often exhibit exponential growth. Answer the following parts.

Parasitism and Host Response

This FRQ investigates the dynamics between parasites and their hosts, including the detrimental effe

Photoperiodism and Flowering in Plants

A botanist studied the flowering response of long-day and short-day plants by varying the length of

Photosynthesis Rate Under Variable Conditions

Investigate how changes in light intensity and temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis in plan

Plant Tropisms and Photoperiodism

Plants exhibit various behavioral responses to environmental stimuli. This FRQ focuses on the mechan

Succession Dynamics Analysis

A study of ecological succession in a barren landscape recorded the types of pioneer species and sub

Territoriality and Resource Abundance in Lizards

Researchers studied how territory size in a population of lizards is influenced by resource abundanc