AP Biology FRQ Room

Comparative Analysis of Carbohydrate Storage

Two plant species utilize different carbohydrate storage molecules. Species A primarily stores energ

Comparative Analysis of Carbohydrate Storage Molecules

Compare the structures and functions of starch and glycogen, and explain how these attributes are su

Evaluating the Impact of pH on Carbohydrate Structures

A biologist is investigating how pH changes affect the stability of carbohydrate polymers, focusing

From Amino Acids to Protein Structure

A biochemistry lab is characterizing a newly discovered protein. Answer the following questions to e

FRQ 13: Amphipathic Nature of Phospholipids

Phospholipids are key components of cell membranes due to their amphipathic nature. Analyze how thei

Investigating Carbohydrate Transformations

A researcher studies the chemical transformations of carbohydrates by examining the reactions of deh

Isotopic Tracers in Metabolic Pathways

Analyze the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of metabolic pathways.

Macromolecule Diversity in Cells

Compare the major classes of organic molecules found in cells and their functional roles.

Molecular Composition and Elements in Life

This question asks you to explore how the elements fundamental to life (O, C, H, and N) contribute t

Molecular Polarity and Intermolecular Forces

This question focuses on the concept of molecular polarity, the resulting intermolecular forces, and

Nucleic Acid Formation and Hydrogen Bonding in DNA

DNA is synthesized through dehydration reactions that form phosphodiester bonds, and its double-heli

Nucleic Acids: Structure, Function, and Polymerization

Explore the structure and synthesis of nucleic acids. Analyze how nucleotide properties contribute t

Properties of Water Molecules

This question examines how water's hydrogen bonding leads to its unique properties and how these pro

Synergistic Roles of Organic Molecules in Cellular Function

A molecular biologist is investigating how carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids intera

Bulk Flow and Dialysis in Biological Systems

Bulk flow and dialysis are processes that involve the movement of fluids and solutes. Answer the fol

Bulk Flow and Dialysis in Physiological Systems

Bulk flow and dialysis are essential for fluid transport in biological systems and medical applicati

Cell Recognition and Communication

A researcher investigates the role of glycoproteins and glycolipids in cell recognition and immune r

Cell Signaling: Receptor-Ligand Dynamics

This FRQ examines receptor-ligand binding data to infer receptor affinity and specificity in cell si

Chloroplast Function Under Variable Light Intensities

Design an experiment to investigate how changes in light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis

Comparative Analysis of Endocytic Pathways

Different types of endocytosis include pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Comparative Structure of Plant and Animal Cells

Plant and animal cells exhibit several distinct structural differences. Use the provided table to he

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell Structures

A recent media report claims that prokaryotic cells are more efficient in energy utilization compare

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

A researcher compares cellular structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells using a data table tha

Dialysis and Solute Diffusion Analysis

This FRQ explores how the principles of diffusion are utilized in dialysis to remove solutes from th

Diffusion through Aquaporins: Rate Calculations

Fick's first law of diffusion is given by $$J = -D * \frac{dC}{dx}$$, where J is the diffusion flux,

Fundamentals of Diffusion and Osmosis

An experiment is conducted to observe the movement of solutes and water across cell membranes, highl

Golgi Complex: Modification and Sorting

The Golgi complex is critical for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins. Answer the following:

Impact of Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio on Organismal Physiology

The concept of the surface area-to-volume ratio is critical not only at the cellular level but also

Integration of Cellular Transport Mechanisms and Homeostasis

This FRQ integrates passive and active transport mechanisms to analyze changes in intracellular ion

Lysosomes in Cellular Maintenance and Apoptosis

Lysosomes play a key role in cellular digestion and programmed cell death (apoptosis). (a) Define t

Mechanisms of Passive and Active Transport

This question focuses on the fundamental differences between passive and active transport across the

Mechanisms of Secondary Active Transport

Secondary active transport uses the energy stored in electrochemical gradients to move substances ac

Membrane Protein Density and the Fluid Mosaic Model

According to the fluid mosaic model, integral proteins are embedded within the lipid bilayer of the

Microscopy Techniques in Observing Cellular Structures

The table below compares light and electron microscopes. Use this information to explain how each te

Mitochondria: Energy Conversion and ATP Production

The table below presents experimental data on ATP production rates by isolated mitochondria at vario

Mitochondrial Function and Energy Production

This question focuses on the role of mitochondria in energy production and the relationship between

Plasma Membrane Structure and Function

A cell biologist investigates how the composition of the plasma membrane affects its transport funct

Protein Processing in the Golgi Apparatus

This question explores the secretory pathway and the role of the Golgi complex in protein processing

Protein Synthesis and Ribosomal Activity Experiment

In a study examining protein synthesis, researchers tracked the production of a fluorescently labele

Ribosome Structure and Protein Synthesis

A biologist investigates the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis, as well as the effects of ribos

Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis Evidence Interpretation

A graph shows the relationship between the number of ribosomes in a cell and its protein production

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio and Cell Function

A researcher is studying how cell size affects the efficiency of nutrient and waste exchange. Consid

Temperature Effects on Membrane Fluidity

Temperature plays a key role in determining the fluidity of cellular membranes. Examine the impact o

Vesicle Volume Changes During Neurotransmitter Release

This question examines how small physical changes in vesicle dimensions can influence their volume,

Advanced Enzyme Energy Diagrams under Variable Conditions

This advanced problem examines how enzyme-catalyzed energy diagrams are altered under different temp

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration Yields

A researcher compares ATP yields from aerobic and anaerobic respiration to understand the efficiency

ATP Production via Oxidative Phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation is a key process in ATP production through the electron transport chain (E

ATP Yield in Cellular Respiration Processes

Refer to the table below listing ATP and electron carrier yields from different stages of cellular r

Chlorophyll Absorption Spectra

The efficiency of photosynthesis depends on the light absorption properties of pigments. Analyze and

Comparative Analysis of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both rely on electron transport chains. Analyze and compare

Comparing Competitive vs Noncompetitive Inhibition

Answer the following questions regarding enzyme inhibition using the provided data.

Coupling Efficiency Assessment in Oxidative Phosphorylation

In an experiment using isolated mitochondria, students measured both oxygen consumption and ATP prod

Delta G and Reaction Feasibility

Determine the spontaneity of various biochemical reactions by analyzing their free energy (ΔG) value

Designing an Experiment on Allosteric Regulation

Design a controlled experiment to test the effect of an allosteric inhibitor on enzyme activity.

Entropy and Energy Efficiency in Bioenergetics

Examine how energy transfer in cellular reactions adheres to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, and c

Enzyme Denaturation and Reversibility

Enzyme function is highly dependent on environmental conditions. Investigate the causes of enzyme de

Enzyme Kinetics: Saturation and Reaction Rates

A researcher examines the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity to explore substrate

Evolutionary Origins of Photosynthesis and its Impact on Modern Cells

An evolutionary biologist examines evidence suggesting that prokaryotic photosynthesis was a precurs

Impact of Allosteric Inhibitors on Enzyme Regulation

A table below shows enzyme reaction rates in the presence of various concentrations of an inhibitor.

Impact of Enzyme Denaturation on Metabolic Pathways

Explain what enzyme denaturation is and predict its impact on cellular metabolism, including any com

Kinetic Analysis of Enzyme Inhibition

Enzyme inhibitors can alter reaction rates in various ways. Evaluate the kinetic effects of competit

Metabolic Regulation via Feedback Inhibition

Feedback inhibition is a key regulatory mechanism in metabolism. Discuss its role and provide an exa

pH Effects on Enzyme Activity

Answer the following questions regarding the effect of pH on enzyme activity.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration: Interconnected Processes

This question explores the interdependent relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respirati

Photosynthesis Efficiency: Light Reactions Analysis

Photosynthesis involves capturing light energy through pigment absorption. Analyze the differences i

Photosynthesis Electron Transport Analysis

Analyze the electron transport process during the light reactions of photosynthesis using the provid

Photosynthesis: Light-Dependent Reactions

This question investigates the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, especially focusing on t

Quantitative Analysis of Chemiosmosis

ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis is driven by the flow of protons across a membrane. Analyze this rela

Reaction Coupling and Free Energy Calculations

Cells couple exergonic and endergonic reactions to drive necessary processes. In this problem, analy

Regulation of the Krebs Cycle through Feedback Inhibition

This question explores how feedback inhibition regulates the Krebs cycle.

Simulation of Anaerobic Glycolysis in Muscle Cells

An experiment was conducted using cultured muscle cells to simulate the anaerobic conditions typical

The Krebs Cycle: Mechanisms and Energy Production

This question addresses the sequence of reactions within the Krebs cycle and its role in energy prod

Analysis of Tumor Suppressor Gene Function in the Cell Cycle

Tumor suppressor genes play a critical role in preventing uncontrolled cell division. Analyze a scen

Assessing Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Response

A researcher investigates the response of neuronal cells to acetylcholine by measuring sodium ion in

Bacterial Chemotaxis and Signal Transduction

Unicellular bacteria exhibit chemotaxis, moving toward beneficial chemicals. In the following experi

Bacterial Chemotaxis in Variable Chemical Environments

A researcher is investigating chemotaxis in E. coli by exposing the bacteria to a medium with a grad

Catalytic Receptor Activity in Initiating Cell Division

An experiment is designed to study the effect of an enzyme-linked (catalytic) receptor on cell proli

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and DNA Damage Repair

A researcher exposed cultured cells to a DNA damaging agent and observed arrest at specific cell cyc

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and DNA Damage Response

Construct a detailed experimental plan to investigate the activation of cell cycle checkpoints in ma

Chemotaxis in Unicellular Organisms

Examine the data on chemotactic responses of unicellular organisms to varying concentrations of a ch

Chemotaxis in Unicellular Organisms: Gradient Response Analysis

This question investigates chemotaxis in unicellular organisms and how they respond to chemical grad

Designing an Experiment on Cell Junction Communication

A research team is investigating the role of gap junctions in propagating electrical signals in card

Differential Hormone Signal Transduction

This question examines the differences between steroid and peptide hormone signaling and requires th

Experimental Analysis of Signal Pathways

The table below shows experimental data relating ligand concentration to the relative production of

Experimental Design: Investigating Taxis Behavior

A scientist aims to study the directed movement (taxis) of organisms in response to a chemical gradi

Feedback Control in Hormone Regulation

Design an experiment investigating the negative feedback loop between insulin and glucagon in regula

G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and cAMP Amplification

An endocrinologist studies the effect of adrenaline on heart cells, focusing on its interaction with

Hormonal Regulation and Feedback in Blood Glucose Homeostasis

A researcher examines the mechanisms of blood glucose regulation and collects data under various con

Kinetic Analysis of Cell Cycle Phases

This question focuses on the temporal regulation of the cell cycle and requires the analysis of kine

Mathematical Modeling of cAMP Signal Amplification

Mathematical models can help explain biochemical signaling pathways. Consider the differential equat

Mathematical Modeling of Diffusion in Signal Transduction

This question explores the diffusion of signaling molecules using Fick's First Law and requires a mu

Mitosis: The Dance of the Chromosomes

Mitosis is a critical process for cell division. Refer to the provided diagram to answer the questio

Mutagenic Effects of UV Radiation on Skin Cells

A researcher investigates the effects of UV radiation on skin cells by measuring the rate of apoptos

Regulation of Blood Glucose via Hormonal Signaling

This question explores how hormonal signaling regulates blood glucose levels via insulin and glucago

Short-Range vs. Long-Range Cell Signaling

Design an experiment to compare short-range (e.g., gap junction-mediated) and long-range (e.g., para

Signal Transduction Cascade and Amplification

Signal transduction pathways are essential for converting external signals into cellular responses t

Signal Transduction Schematic Analysis

Analyze the provided diagram of a signal transduction pathway. Consider the pathway components illus

Temperature Effects on Signal Transduction in Yeast

A group of students investigates a signal transduction pathway in yeast by measuring cAMP levels aft

Temporal Dynamics of Cyclin Concentrations

A graph displays changes in cyclin concentration (in arbitrary units) over time during the cell cycl

Temporal Dynamics of Mitosis Phases

This question investigates the timing of mitotic phases and the implications of phase duration on th

Analysis of X-Inactivation Using Barr Body Data

In studies of female cells, researchers have counted the number of Barr bodies present. The table be

Analyzing Sex-Linked Traits in Inheritance Patterns

A study on a sex-linked trait (e.g., color blindness) in humans involves analyzing pedigree data and

Barr Bodies and X-Chromosome Inactivation Analysis

Using the provided diagram of a female cell nucleus, analyze the process of X-chromosome inactivatio

Chromosome Separation Simulation Experiment

In an experiment, students used a microfluidic chip to simulate the stages of meiosis in plant cells

Critiquing an Experimental Protocol on Linked Genes Mapping

A genetics laboratory designed an experiment to map linked genes on a chromosome by calculating reco

Designing a Test Cross Experiment

Design a test cross experiment to determine if a tall pea plant is homozygous dominant (TT) or heter

Dihybrid Cross and Probability Rules

This question examines the use of the product rule from probability in the context of a dihybrid cro

Dihybrid Cross and Probability: Tall and Yellow Pea Plants

In pea plants, tall (T) is dominant to short (t) and yellow seeds (Y) are dominant to green seeds (y

Environmental Impact on Genetic Expression: Phenotypic Plasticity

Researchers investigated the effect of different environmental conditions on the expression of a tra

Events of Prophase I in Meiosis

Prophase I of meiosis is critical for generating genetic diversity. Answer the following: (a) Descr

Gamete Production in Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

A male's primary spermatocyte produces 4 functional sperm cells, whereas a female's primary oocyte p

Haploid and Diploid Cell Analysis

In many organisms, cells can be either haploid (n) or diploid (2n). This question addresses the diff

Identifying Errors in a Multi-Trait Breeding Experiment

A breeding experiment was conducted to analyze the inheritance patterns of multiple traits simultane

Impact of Recombination on Genetic Diversity

Evaluate the contribution of recombination during meiosis to genetic diversity. Discuss the mechanis

Investigating the Law of Segregation with Genotypic Ratios

Mendel observed a 1:2:1 genotypic ratio in the offspring of self-pollinated heterozygous pea plants.

Investigation of the Law of Segregation in Pea Plants

A botanist studying the inheritance of pea plant height observes that self-pollinating the F1 genera

Mitochondrial vs Nuclear Inheritance

Mitochondrial inheritance represents a unique mode of genetic transmission. Compare mitochondrial in

Non-Mendelian Inheritance: Codominance in Flower Color

A researcher is investigating flower color in a plant species known to have codominant alleles for r

Pedigree Analysis: Modes of Inheritance

Pedigree charts are useful tools for understanding inheritance patterns. Analyze the mode of inherit

Product and Sum Rule Application in Dihybrid Crosses

Given that in a dihybrid cross the probability of expressing a recessive phenotype for a single trai

Quantifying X-Inactivation via Barr Body Counting in Female Cells

Design an experiment to quantify the extent of X-inactivation in female mammalian cells by detecting

Recombination Mapping and Gene Order Determination

Given recombination frequencies between three linked genes (A, B, and C) where the frequency between

Sex-Linked Inheritance in Pedigree Data

A geneticist analyzed a set of pedigree data for a trait suspected to be X-linked. The table below s

Sex-Linked Traits and Punnett Square Analysis

Certain traits, like color blindness, are inherited in a sex-linked manner. In this scenario, analyz

Studying Polygenic Inheritance: Genetic Influences on Human Height

Design an experiment to study the polygenic inheritance of human height. Your experiment should invo

Synapsis and Crossing-Over: Diagram Analysis

Analyze the provided diagram illustrating synapsis and crossing-over during prophase I of meiosis. I

Testing Mendel's Law of Segregation Experiment

A researcher performed a cross between tall and short pea plants to test Mendel's Law of Segregation

Validating Dihybrid Cross Outcomes Using Probability Rules

Design an experiment to validate the expected outcomes of a dihybrid cross using the product and sum

Analyzing PCR Results

Examine the principles of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and evaluate troubleshooting scenarios

Chromosomal Rearrangements and Genetic Diversity

Examine various gene rearrangements and their implications for genetic diversity and phenotypic outc

Comparative Analysis of Translation

Discuss the translation process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting key differences and

CRISPR-Cas Genome Editing: Efficiency and Ethics

A biotech company is using CRISPR-Cas technology for genome editing in various cell lines. Review th

DNA Double Helix Structure Interpretation

Examine the attached diagram of a DNA double helix and answer the following parts regarding its stru

DNA Replication Efficiency Experiment

A researcher is investigating the effect of DNA polymerase concentration on the rate of DNA replicat

DNA Structure and Base Pairing Analysis

This question focuses on the fundamental structure of DNA and how complementary base pairing ensures

DNA Topoisomerase Function Analysis

Using the provided graph, answer the following questions about DNA supercoiling and the role of topo

Energy Consumption in DNA Replication by Helicase

Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix during replication. Suppose unwinding 1 kilobase (kb) of DNA r

Enzymatic Roles in DNA Replication

This question examines the functions of key enzymes involved in DNA replication. Answer each part in

Examining the Effects of Histone Modification on Gene Expression

A study examined the relationship between histone acetylation levels and gene activity. The graph be

FRQ 11: Transcription Factor Binding and Promoter Efficiency

Researchers have engineered a synthetic promoter to enhance gene expression in cultured cells. A rep

Gel Electrophoresis Analysis of DNA Fragments

After digesting genomic DNA with a restriction enzyme, a scientist uses agarose gel electrophoresis

Genetic Mutations and Protein Function Analysis

Evaluate the effects of specific genetic mutations on protein function by analyzing sequence data.

Hox Genes and Embryonic Development

An investigation into embryonic development reveals abnormalities in segment formation. Researchers

Investigating Recombinant DNA Technology

A biotechnology experiment involved inserting a eukaryotic gene into a bacterial plasmid to drive ge

Molecular Techniques: DNA Sequencing and RFLP Analysis

This question focuses on modern molecular techniques used to analyze genetic variation. Answer each

Recombinant DNA and Gene Cloning Efficiency

A research team is investigating the efficiency of gene cloning by transforming bacteria with plasmi

Recombinant DNA and Ligation Efficiency

This question evaluates recombinant DNA techniques emphasizing ligation efficiency in cloning experi

Recombinant DNA Construction Using Plasmids

A researcher seeks to construct a recombinant plasmid by inserting a eukaryotic gene into a bacteria

RNAi Impact on mRNA Quantification with Reverse Transcriptase Specificity Error

A researcher is examining the effects of an RNA interference (RNAi) molecule on the mRNA levels of a

Telomere Dynamics and Cellular Aging

An experiment tracked telomere length over successive cell divisions. Refer to the provided graph an

Topoisomerase Function Analysis

Topoisomerases relieve supercoiling during DNA replication. In an experiment, a cell's DNA has 10,00

Transcription and RNA Processing Mechanisms

Researchers are comparing mRNA transcript lengths before and after splicing in eukaryotic cells. Usi

Using DNA Sequencing to Construct Phylogenetic Trees

Develop an experimental proposal to use DNA sequencing data to infer evolutionary relationships amon

Viral Replication Cycles: Lytic vs Lysogenic

This question examines the differences between the lytic and lysogenic cycles in bacteriophages and

Abiotic Factors Affecting Plant Reproductive Success

This FRQ investigates how an abiotic factor such as soil pH can influence plant reproductive success

Adaptive Radiation in Island Ecosystems

Investigate the process of adaptive radiation and its role in species diversification within island

Analyzing Fossil Record Evidence for Evolution

Examine how the fossil record supports evolutionary theory. Answer the following parts:

Analyzing Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A biologist collected data from a population to assess if it is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The f

Analyzing Phylogenetic Relationships Through Molecular Data

A comparative study of DNA sequence divergence among species is represented by the graph provided. T

Antibiotic Resistance in Bacterial Populations

Analyze the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria using the data provided in the table, a

Artificial Selection in Domesticated Animals

A breeder is selectively mating dogs to enhance certain physical traits such as size and coat color.

Artificial Selection Versus Natural Selection

Contrast the processes of artificial selection and natural selection.

Artificial Selection: Insights and Consequences

Artificial selection involves human intervention to select for specific traits. Compare this process

Artificial vs. Natural Selection in Domesticated Dogs

Dog breeders have long used artificial selection to accentuate desired traits, such as herding abili

Cladogram Analysis: Divergent vs Convergent Evolution

Examine the provided cladogram illustrating evolutionary relationships among various organisms.

Comparing Directional, Stabilizing, and Disruptive Selection

A graph displays a frequency distribution for a particular trait within a population. Using the grap

Comparison of Natural and Artificial Selection

Natural selection and artificial selection lead to changes in populations, but they operate via diff

Constructing Phylogenetic Trees to Understand Common Ancestry

This FRQ focuses on how molecular and fossil records are used together to construct phylogenetic tre

Convergent Evolution of Similar Traits in Distant Species

Convergent evolution explains how unrelated species develop similar traits in response to similar en

Darwin vs. Lamarck: Mechanisms of Evolution

The theories proposed by Charles Darwin and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck offer different explanations for h

Darwin's Observations and Evidence for Evolution

Discuss how Darwin’s observation that species produce more offspring than can survive supports the m

Darwin's Observations and Evolutionary Fitness Analysis

This question explores Darwin’s concept of evolutionary fitness through empirical data. A researcher

Darwin's Observations and Natural Selection

A researcher reviews historical data and observations that contributed to Darwin's formulation of na

Darwin’s Observations and Reproductive Success

This question investigates Darwin's observations regarding reproductive excess and the resulting dif

Designing an Experiment on Environmental Impact on Evolution

Design a controlled experiment to test how a specific abiotic factor influences the rate of evolutio

Diagram Analysis: Natural Selection Process

Examine the diagram of the natural selection process provided below. The diagram includes boxes and

Disruptive Selection in Flower Color Variation

A study investigated flower color variation in a population of plants. The following table displays

Effectiveness of Selection Pressure Under Environmental Change

Analyze the impact of environmental pollution on phenotype fitness. Answer the following parts:

Embryological Evidence for a Common Ancestry

Embryological studies, including the presence of gill slits in vertebrate embryos, have been used as

Environmental Change and Natural Selection in Peppered Moths

This FRQ examines how environmental pollution influences allele frequencies in a peppered moth popul

Evaluating Inheritance Theories: Lamarck vs Darwin

In a laboratory simulation, two populations of snails were observed over 10 generations. One populat

Evaluating Lamarckian Inheritance Versus Darwinian Natural Selection

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck proposed that acquired traits can be inherited, while Darwin’s theory empha

Evaluating the Bottleneck Effect in a Mammal Population

After a natural disaster, a mammal population experiences a dramatic reduction in size. Researchers

Evidence of Evolution: Fossils and Biogeography

Discuss how fossil records and biogeographical patterns serve as robust evidence for evolution and c

Evolution and Genetic Variability: Allele Frequencies Over Time

A study monitored the frequency of Allele A in a given population over five generations. The followi

Evolutionary Consequences of Non-Random Mating in a Fish Population

In a coastal fish population, individuals preferentially choose mates with brighter coloration. Answ

Fossil Records and Morphological Homologies

This FRQ examines how fossil records and morphological homologies are used as evidence for common an

Gene Flow and Adaptation in Populations

Gene flow between populations can alter genetic composition and affect adaptation. The table below s

Gene Flow and Genetic Drift in Isolated Populations

Evaluate how gene flow and genetic drift influence allele frequencies in small isolated populations.

Gene Flow and Local Adaptation

Examine how immigration and emigration (gene flow) affect allele frequencies and influence local ada

Gene Flow and Speciation Study

Examine two geographically separated populations of the same species and analyze how gene flow affec

Gene Flow, Immigration, and the Founder Effect

The founder effect describes how a new population started by a few individuals can have a significan

Genetic Variability and Adaptation in a Laboratory Plant Study

Researchers are investigating a plant species that displays extensive genetic variability. In contro

Genetic Variability and Population Equilibrium

This question examines genetic variability within a population and its relationship to Hardy-Weinber

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Allele Frequencies

Using Hardy-Weinberg principles, answer the following:

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Disruption Analysis

A population's genotypic frequencies were measured and compared to expected Hardy-Weinberg proportio

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Disruption and Gene Flow Experiment

Examine the factors that disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and design an experiment to test the imp

Homologous vs. Analogous Structures and Evolution

Differentiate between homologous and analogous structures and explain how each provides insights int

Impact of Mutation, Genetic Drift, and Gene Flow

Mutations, genetic drift, and gene flow are non-selective mechanisms that can alter allele frequenci

Investigating Natural Selection in a Laboratory Insect Population

A researcher is investigating the effect of an insecticide on a genetically variable population of i

Lamarck vs Darwin: Mechanisms of Evolution

Compare and contrast the mechanisms of evolution as proposed by Lamarck and Darwin. Answer the follo

Mendelian Inheritance and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Misinterpretation

In this experiment, a researcher studies the genetic structure of a small beetle population by genot

Miller-Urey Experiment and Organic Compounds

Evaluate the significance of the Miller-Urey experiment in understanding the origin of life on Earth

Modeling Allele Frequencies Using Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Apply the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model to estimate allele frequencies in a population. Answer th

Molecular Evidence and Evolutionary Relationships

Molecular biology provides a compelling line of evidence for evolutionary relationships through comp

Molecular Evidence and Evolutionary Relationships

Modern molecular biology has provided powerful tools for elucidating evolutionary relationships amon

Molecular Evidence for Evolution

Molecular comparisons provide compelling evidence for common ancestry. Answer the following parts:

Molecular Evidence for Evolution

A table provides the percentages of DNA sequence similarity among various species. Use this molecula

Molecular Evidence for Evolution: Cladistic Analysis

Analyze the molecular data provided in the table to construct a cladogram and explain how DNA sequen

Mutations and Evolutionary Change

Mutations serve as the ultimate source of genetic variation. Evaluate the different types of mutatio

Natural Selection and Environmental Pressures

This question examines how environmental pressures drive natural selection in a population. Using da

Natural Selection in Fluctuating Environments

A study tracked allele frequencies for a particular trait in a population over a 12-month period wit

Natural Selection vs Genetic Drift

In a small isolated population, both natural selection and genetic drift can affect allele frequenci

Peppered Moth Case Study: Data Interpretation

A table presents data on the phenotypic ratios of dark and light peppered moths before and after ind

Peppered Moths: A Case Study in Natural Selection

Examine a historical scenario involving the peppered moth. Before industrialization, the moth popula

Phylogenetic Trees and Common Ancestry

A cladogram is provided as a graphical representation of evolutionary relationships among several sp

Phylogenetic Trees and Common Ancestry

Discuss the construction and interpretation of phylogenetic trees, and explain how they provide evid

Population Bottlenecks and Founder Effects

Population bottlenecks and founder effects are important examples of genetic drift. Evaluate how the

Population Genetics Simulation: Allele Frequency Change Over Time

A simulation of allele frequency in a population over time is represented by the graph provided.

RNA-World Hypothesis and the Origins of Life

Examine the RNA-world hypothesis and its relevance to the origin of life on Earth. Answer the follow

Sexual Selection and Evolutionary Dynamics

Analyze the role of sexual selection in evolution and discuss the cost-benefit trade-offs associated

Sexual Selection and Trait Inheritance

This question explores the role of sexual selection in driving the evolution of secondary sexual tra

Studying Gene Flow in Populations

Analyze the impact of gene flow on allele frequencies within and between populations. Answer the fol

Temperature Effects on Enzyme Activity and Evolutionary Adaptation

In an experiment, enzyme activity was measured at various temperatures to assess adaptive responses

Testing the RNA-World Hypothesis with Laboratory Simulations

This FRQ investigates the RNA-world hypothesis by asking you to design a detailed experimental proto

Types of Natural Selection and Environmental Adaptation

Different types of natural selection lead to diverse evolutionary outcomes. Analyze directional, sta

Agonistic Behavior and Competition in Animal Populations

Agonistic behaviors, which include aggressive interactions, are common in populations competing for

Altruistic Behavior and Group Dynamics

Altruistic behavior, in which an individual benefits another at a cost to itself, poses interesting

Biodiversity Analysis and Diversity Index

Using the species count data provided, calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index and interpret what the va

Circadian Rhythms in Animals vs. Plants

A study compares circadian rhythms in a nocturnal bird species and a flowering plant. Both organisms

Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss

This FRQ examines the impact of deforestation on biodiversity and explores potential conservation st

Distinguishing Learning and Instinct in Animal Behavior

A researcher observes that in a group of birds, certain behaviors are exhibited immediately upon hat

Ecological Pyramid and Energy Transfer

Analyze the provided table displaying energy values across different trophic levels in an ecosystem.

Ecological Succession in Pioneer Communities

Following a volcanic eruption, an ecologist monitored primary succession on a barren substrate where

Energy Transfer Efficiency and Trophic Dynamics in a Marine Ecosystem

A marine biologist aims to quantify the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels in a co

Energy Transfer Efficiency in an Aquatic Food Web

A marine ecologist aims to quantify energy transfer efficiency across trophic levels in a coastal fo

Energy Transfer in Food Chains

In a given ecosystem, it is estimated that only about 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic

Evaluation of Pheromone-Based Communication in Mammals

A researcher claims that pheromones are the primary mode of communication for establishing dominance

Habituation in Laboratory Rodents

In a laboratory setting, a researcher studies the habituation process in a group of rats by exposing

Impact of Deforestation on Ecosystem Function

Analyze the long-term effects of deforestation and subsequent desertification on ecosystem structure

Impact of Toxins in Food Chains

Toxins released into the environment can accumulate in organisms through the process of biomagnifica

Investigating Energy Transfer in a Terrestrial Ecosystem

The 10% rule in energy flow suggests that only 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level t

Learning Behaviors: Habituation vs. Instinct

This question examines different types of animal behavior, particularly how learning processes can m

Learning versus Instinct: Behavioral Adaptations in Navigational Tasks

A study compared the maze navigation times of animals relying solely on instinct versus those allowe

Logistic Growth and Carrying Capacity

Explore how population growth is limited by the carrying capacity of an environment using the logist

Modeling Population Growth: Exponential Growth Analysis

Populations in ideal conditions often exhibit exponential growth. Answer the following parts.

Plant Tropism: Phototropism vs. Gravitropism

A plant physiologist compared two directional growth responses: one in response to light (phototropi

Plant Tropisms: Directed Growth Responses

Plants exhibit growth responses to external stimuli known as tropisms. Answer the following:

Plant Tropisms: Phototropism vs Thigmotropism

A botanist is interested in determining whether the signaling pathways involved in phototropism (res

Simpson’s Diversity Index Analysis

Diversity indices provide insight into the variety of species within a community. This FRQ addresses