AP Biology FRQ Room

Analyzing Protein Denaturation in Response to pH Variations

A researcher investigates protein denaturation by exposing a protein solution to a pH range from 3 t

Carbohydrate Structure and Monosaccharide Energy Utilization

A nutritionist is investigating the energy yield differences between monosaccharides and disaccharid

Carbohydrates: Structure and Function

Investigate the structural differences and roles of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysacchari

Chemical Bonding in Biological Molecules

Investigate the different types of chemical bonds that are critical to biological molecules. Conside

Comparative Analysis of Energy Storage Molecules

This question focuses on the differences in energy storage among carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

Evaluating Chemical Bonding in Organic Molecules

In an advanced organic chemistry lab, a student compares the strengths of ionic, covalent, and hydro

Investigating Carbohydrate Polymerization via Dehydration Synthesis

A researcher studies the formation of disaccharides through dehydration synthesis by mixing two mono

Isotopic Tracers in Metabolic Pathways

Analyze the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of metabolic pathways.

Macromolecule Diversity in Cells

Compare the major classes of organic molecules found in cells and their functional roles.

Molecular Interactions in Organic Compounds

Researchers are studying the interactions among various organic molecules such as carbohydrates, pro

Nucleic Acid Stability Under Temperature Variation

A geneticist investigates the thermal stability of DNA by monitoring its denaturation as the tempera

Nucleic Acids: Structure and Information Storage

A genetics laboratory is studying bacterial DNA mutations following exposure to a mutagen. Answer th

Organic Molecule Synthesis: Dehydration Synthesis

A biochemist investigates the formation of polysaccharides from monosaccharides through dehydration

Polymerization and Hydrolysis of Organic Molecules

Explore the reversible processes of polymerization and depolymerization in organic molecules and how

Polymerization and Hydrolysis Reactions

This question examines the reversible reactions that create and break down biological polymers, emph

Protein Denaturation: Heat and pH Effects

Investigate how environmental conditions such as temperature and pH lead to protein denaturation.

Quantitative Analysis of Carbohydrate Storage

Examine the role of carbohydrate storage in plants and perform a quantitative analysis based on prod

Structural Adaptations in Biological Macromolecules

Compare the structural features of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids and explain

Structure and Function of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates such as starch and cellulose are both polymers of glucose but differ in their glycosid

Synergistic Roles of Organic Molecules in Cellular Function

A molecular biologist is investigating how carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids intera

The Role of Electrostatic Interactions in Molecular Function

A study is investigating how electrostatic interactions, such as ionic bonds and polar covalent bond

Water in Polymer Hydrolysis Reactions

Analyze the role of water in the hydrolysis of polymers.

Active Transport and ATP Usage in Ion Pumps

A study was conducted to assess the role of ATP in the activity of the sodium-potassium pump in cult

Active Transport and Ion Pumps

Active transport mechanisms allow cells to move substances against their concentration gradients. Ex

Analyzing Protein Synthesis: The Role of Ribosomes

A molecular biologist is investigating protein synthesis by examining the role and structure of ribo

Bulk Flow and Dialysis in Biological Systems

Bulk flow and dialysis are processes that involve the movement of fluids and solutes. Answer the fol

Cell Size and Diffusion Experiment

An experiment was designed to study the rate of dye diffusion in cells of varying sizes, using the c

Comparative Analysis of Endocytic Pathways

Different types of endocytosis include pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Comparative Analysis of Plant and Animal Cell Structures

The table below compares the presence of specific organelles in plant and animal cells. Use this inf

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

This question explores the structural differences and corresponding functional implications between

Critically Evaluating Cellular Storage: Vacuoles in Plant Cells

A research paper claims that central vacuoles in plant cells are essential for maintaining turgor pr

Cytoskeleton and Cellular Dynamics

Cell shape, division, and movement are critically dependent on the cytoskeleton. (a) Compare the ro

Dialysis and Solute Diffusion Analysis

This FRQ explores how the principles of diffusion are utilized in dialysis to remove solutes from th

Endocytosis and Exocytosis: Mechanisms and Functions

A researcher is exploring the mechanisms by which cells internalize and expel substances. The proces

Energy Required for Endocytosis

During receptor-mediated endocytosis, a cell forms a vesicle from the plasma membrane. If the energy

Golgi Complex Function in Protein Secretion

Design an experiment to assess how inhibition of the Golgi complex affects protein processing and se

Impact of Cytoskeletal Integrity on Cell Stability

Design an experiment to assess how chemical disruption of microtubules affects cell shape stability

Kinetics of Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

This question integrates data analysis with kinetic concepts to understand receptor-mediated endocyt

Mitochondrial Function and Energy Conversion

Mitochondria convert energy from nutrients into ATP. Answer each part of the question below:

Mitochondrial Structure and ATP Synthesis

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, with structures that are intricately linked to their f

Observing Cell Structures Using Microscopy

A research laboratory has access to two principal types of microscopes: a light microscope (which ma

Organism Heat Exchange and Surface Area Scaling

Consider a cube-shaped organism whose ability to exchange heat depends on its surface area-to-volume

Osmosis and Water Potential Experiment

In an experiment to investigate the effects of osmotic pressure on plant cells, researchers placed i

Peroxisome Detoxification Experiment

A study was undertaken to evaluate the detoxification efficiency of peroxisomes in liver cells by me

Solute Potential and Osmosis in Cells

In an experiment, the water (solute) potential of a solution is calculated using the equation $$\Psi

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratios and Cellular Function

A recent study aimed to quantify the relationship between cell size and the efficiency of material e

Transport Protein Channel Dynamics

In an experiment to investigate the role of aquaporins in water transport across the plasma membrane

Allosteric Regulation and Enzyme Inhibition

This question focuses on enzyme regulation via inhibitors and allosteric effects.

Cellular Respiration Stages and Energy Production

Describe the four stages of cellular respiration, detailing the key reactions and net production of

Comparative Analysis of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both rely on electron transport chains. Analyze and compare

Comparative ATP Production in Cellular Respiration vs Photosynthesis

A researcher compares energy production in heterotrophic cells via cellular respiration and in autot

Coupled Reactions and ATP Synthesis

A researcher investigates how cells couple exergonic and endergonic reactions to drive ATP synthesis

Effect of Inorganic Cofactor Concentrations on Enzyme Kinetics

Design an experiment to assess how varying concentrations of an inorganic cofactor (e.g., $$Mg^{2+}$

Energy Diagrams and Reaction Types

A researcher provides the following table representing a reaction's energy changes: the reactants ha

Enzyme Inhibition Mechanisms

Enzymatic activity can be modulated by various inhibitors. This problem examines both competitive an

Enzyme Kinetics Analysis

A researcher conducts an experiment where the rate of an enzyme reaction is measured at varying subs

Enzyme Kinetics and Saturation Analysis

Understanding enzyme kinetics is essential for analyzing reaction rates. Examine the concept of satu

Enzyme Saturation and Michaelis-Menten Kinetics

A biochemist studies how substrate concentration affects the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction us

Fermentation and Muscle Function

Under strenuous exercise, muscle cells switch to anaerobic respiration (fermentation), leading to la

Investigation of Cytochrome c Oxidase Inhibition and Membrane Integrity

A research team designed an experiment to study the effect of increasing concentrations of a cytochr

Investigation of Enzyme Catalysis in ATP Hydrolysis

A research team designed an experiment to study the effect of enzyme concentration on ATP hydrolysis

Mechanism of Induced-Fit in Enzymatic Reactions

Experimental evidence suggests that an enzyme undergoes a conformational change upon substrate bindi

pH Effects on Enzyme Function

This question investigates how pH influences enzyme structure and function.

Proton Gradients in Cellular Energy Conversion

A researcher is exploring how proton gradients are generated and utilized in mitochondria and chloro

Reaction Coupling and ATP Hydrolysis

This question addresses the concept of reaction coupling in metabolic processes.

Role of Cofactors in Enzyme Catalysis

A researcher explores how cofactors and coenzymes enhance enzyme activity in biochemical reactions.

Temperature Dependence of Enzyme Activity

A researcher measured an enzyme's activity at various temperatures, and the results are shown in the

The Calvin Cycle and Carbon Fixation Pathways

This question examines the Calvin-Benson cycle along with alternative carbon fixation pathways (C3,

The Calvin Cycle and Light-Independent Reactions

The Calvin Cycle is critical for carbon fixation in photosynthesis. Explain the steps of the Calvin

Thermodynamics in Cellular Processes

A cellular biologist is studying how cells maintain order despite continuous energy transformations.

Assessment of Mitotic Checkpoint Failures in Cancer Cells

This question evaluates the impact of failure in mitotic checkpoints on chromosomal segregation accu

Cancer Biology: Oncogenes vs. Tumor Suppressor Genes

This question explores the genetic basis of cancer by distinguishing between oncogenes and tumor sup

Catalytic Receptor Activity in Initiating Cell Division

An experiment is designed to study the effect of an enzyme-linked (catalytic) receptor on cell proli

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and DNA Damage Response

A cell culture study investigates the effect of UV radiation on cell cycle progression. After exposu

Cell Cycle Disruption and Cancer Development

Mutations affecting cell cycle regulators can lead to cancer. Answer the following questions regardi

Cell Migration and Developmental Patterning

Design an experiment to study the migration patterns of cells during development in a tissue model,

Chemotaxis in Unicellular Organisms

A recent study claims that chemotaxis in unicellular organisms is primarily controlled by the intera

Comparative Analysis of Receptor Types in Signal Transduction

An article compares three classes of membrane receptors: ligand-gated ion channels, catalytic recept

Effects of Environmental Stress on Cell Signaling and Cycle Regulation

A study examines the impact of a high concentration of an environmental toxin on kidney cells, asses

Effects of Receptor Inhibition on Signal Transduction

A pharmaceutical test examines the effect of a new compound on signal transduction in cultured cells

Effects of Toxins on Receptor Function

Certain toxins act as competitive inhibitors by binding to the ligand-binding sites of membrane rece

Experimental Design: Investigating Taxis Behavior

A scientist aims to study the directed movement (taxis) of organisms in response to a chemical gradi

Feedback Inhibition in Hormone Signaling

In an investigation of insulin's role in blood glucose regulation, a researcher treats isolated live

G-Protein Coupled Receptors Function

G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) play a crucial role in cellular signaling. Answer the following

G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and cAMP Amplification

An endocrinologist studies the effect of adrenaline on heart cells, focusing on its interaction with

GPCR and Second Messenger Dynamics

Develop an experimental design to investigate how ligand binding to a G-protein-coupled receptor (GP

Homeostasis and Hormonal Regulation

It is claimed that insulin and glucagon work via feedback mechanisms to maintain blood glucose level

Impact of CDK Inhibition on Cell Cycle Progression

Design an experiment to analyze the effect of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors on cell cycle

Impact of Receptor Mutation on Signal Transduction

A mutation in the extracellular domain of a plasma membrane receptor can drastically alter cell comm

Insulin's Role in Blood Glucose Homeostasis

Propose an experimental design to investigate how insulin contributes to maintaining blood glucose l

Integration of Taxis and Signal Transduction Pathways

Cells integrate external chemical signals and internal signal transduction mechanisms to navigate th

Intracellular Signaling and Second Messengers

Second messengers play a critical role in amplifying and transmitting signals within the cell. Par

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels and Muscle Contraction

A study examines the role of acetylcholine in muscle contraction via ligand-gated ion channels. The

Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes

Cancer development is closely linked to genetic alterations in cell cycle regulation. A researcher i

Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressors, and Cancer Progression

A research study compares the proliferation rates of different cell types to understand the roles of

Pathway Crosstalk Analysis in Fibroblasts

A researcher explores potential crosstalk between the MAP kinase pathway and the PI3K/Akt pathway in

Plasma Membrane Receptor Specificity

Researchers test the specificity of plasma membrane receptors by exposing a cultured cell line to a

Positive Feedback in Signal Amplification

A study investigates the role of positive feedback in the blood clotting cascade. In this experiment

Receptor Mutation: Effects on Signal Transduction

Mutations in receptors can drastically alter signal transduction. Part a: Explain how a mutation i

Regulation of Cell Division in Response to DNA Damage

Cells possess mechanisms to respond to DNA damage, ensuring genomic integrity. A researcher is inves

Signal Transduction Cascade: Ligand Binding and Amplification

This question focuses on the mechanism of signal transduction cascades involving ligand binding and

Analyzing Monohybrid Cross Results in Pea Plants

In an experiment inspired by Mendel, a researcher crosses true‐breeding tall pea plants (TT) with tr

Analyzing Pedigree Data to Determine Inheritance Patterns

A genetic counselor is analyzing a pedigree chart showing the inheritance pattern of a particular tr

Application of Mendelian Principles in Plant Breeding

A plant breeder performs a cross between a heterozygous tall, yellow-flowered plant (TtYy) and a sho

Assessing Genetic Variation through Test Cross Design

A researcher conducted a test cross by mating a dominant phenotype plant with a recessive phenotype

Barr Bodies and X-Inactivation

X-inactivation is a process that equalizes gene dosage in female mammals. Answer the following: (a)

Comparative Analysis of Haploid vs Diploid Cells

Using the provided schematic diagram, compare haploid and diploid cells. In your answer, describe th

Critical Evaluation of Dominance and Segregation Claims

A recent research study claims that the observed 3:1 phenotype ratio in a plant monohybrid cross doe

Designing a Mendelian Genetics Experiment

Design an experiment using pea plants to test the Law of Segregation. Answer the following: (a) Dev

Differences Between Meiosis I and II

Meiosis is divided into two successive divisions, each with unique characteristics. Compare and cont

Efficiency of Gametogenesis in Different Organisms

Two organisms were studied for the efficiency of gamete production. The table below presents the per

Environmental Effects on Phenotype

The phenotype of an organism is not solely determined by its genotype; environmental factors can als

Evidence for Haploid and Diploid States

A researcher conducted an experiment to determine chromosome numbers in various cell types. The foll

Experimental Design: Test Cross for Genetic Analysis

Design an experiment using a test cross to determine whether a plant exhibiting a dominant phenotype

Exploring Incomplete Dominance in Snapdragon Flowers

Design an experiment using snapdragon flowers to demonstrate incomplete dominance. Cross true-breedi

Exploring Meiotic Nondisjunction

Errors during meiosis can have significant impacts on an organism. Answer the following: (a) Define

Gamete Functionality and Viability Assay

A researcher performs an experiment to investigate how temperature affects the viability of gametes

Genetic Variation from Crossing Over

During prophase I of meiosis, crossing over can lead to recombinant chromosomes. Assume the probabil

Haploid and Diploid Cell Analysis

In many organisms, cells can be either haploid (n) or diploid (2n). This question addresses the diff

Interpreting Pedigree Data for Inherited Disorders

A pedigree analysis was conducted for a genetic disorder. The table below summarizes information fro

Investigating Gene Expression and Pedigree Data for Sex-linked Conditions

Analyze the provided pedigree data for a sex-linked condition (e.g., hemophilia) and predict inherit

Investigating Incomplete Dominance in Snapdragon Flowers

A botanist investigates the inheritance pattern of flower color in snapdragons by crossing a true‐br

Meiosis: Stages and Genetic Variation

This problem explores the stages of meiosis with a focus on Prophase I and its role in generating ge

Meiosis: Stages and Their Significance

Meiosis is critical for gamete formation and genetic diversity. Describe the key differences between

Mendelian Inheritance and Test Cross

This question involves using a test cross to determine the genotype of a tall pea plant. A tall plan

Monohybrid Cross Analysis

This question explores Mendel's principles using a monohybrid cross between pea plants. Explain the

Non-Mendelian Inheritance: Codominance in Flower Color

A researcher is investigating flower color in a plant species known to have codominant alleles for r

Polygenic Inheritance and Environmental Influences

This question explores the concept of polygenic inheritance and examines how environmental factors c

Probability in Genetic Crosses

Apply the rules of probability to analyze multi-event genetic scenarios.

Probability in Genetic Crosses: Sum and Product Rules

This problem requires the application of the sum and product rules in probability to predict outcome

Test Cross Analysis for Determining Genotype

A researcher designs an experiment to determine whether several tall pea plants are homozygous (TT)

Time-Lapse Microscopy Analysis of Meiosis Stages

Design an experiment using time-lapse microscopy to analyze the dynamics of meiosis in a model cell

Understanding Sex-linked Traits and X Inactivation

Discuss the inheritance patterns of X-linked recessive traits (such as color blindness) and the role

Utilizing the Product and Sum Rules in Genetic Predictions

In a dihybrid cross, suppose the probability of inheriting trait A is 0.75 and the probability of in

Chromatin Structure and Eukaryotic Gene Expression

This question investigates the influence of chromatin structure on gene accessibility and expression

Comparative Analysis of Transcription and Replication Enzymes

RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase are crucial for transcription and replication respectively. Answer

DNA Base Pairing and Hydrogen Bond Energy

This question focuses on the quantitative and qualitative aspects of hydrogen bonding in the DNA dou

DNA Replication Efficiency Experiment

A researcher is investigating the effect of DNA polymerase concentration on the rate of DNA replicat

DNA Structure and Base Pairing

Explain the structure of DNA including the nucleotide composition, the formation of the sugar-phosph

DNA Structure and Base Pairing Analysis

This question focuses on the fundamental structure of DNA and how complementary base pairing ensures

DNA Topoisomerase Function and Supercoiling

Proper DNA supercoiling is crucial for many cellular processes. A study investigates the effect of t

Effects of UV Exposure on DNA Replication Efficiency

A biologist evaluated the effect of UV exposure on the efficiency of DNA replication. A graph (provi

Epigenetic Regulation and Chromatin Modifications

Answer the following questions about epigenetics and how chromatin modifications influence gene expr

Evolutionary Impact of DNA Mutations

Discuss how mutations in DNA contribute to evolutionary change.

Gel Electrophoresis Analysis

Explain how gel electrophoresis is used to separate and analyze DNA fragments, and interpret experim

Hox Genes and Embryonic Development

Analyze the role of Hox genes in embryonic development and the impact of their mutation on organisma

Impact of DNA Mutations on Protein Synthesis

This question addresses various types of DNA mutations and their effects on the synthesis of protein

Investigating the Impact of Chromosomal Inversions on Gene Regulation

Propose an experimental design to study the effects of chromosomal inversions on gene expression pat

Investigation of Plasmid Size on Transformation Efficiency

Propose an experimental design to assess how plasmid size affects transformation efficiency in bacte

Mechanisms of DNA Replication Enzyme Functions

A researcher performs an in vitro study to elucidate the roles of key enzymes in DNA replication, in

PCR Amplification and Analysis

Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, answer the following questions regarding its me

Plasmid Conjugation Efficiency in Bacteria

This question explores the quantitative analysis of plasmid transfer during bacterial conjugation.

Recombinant DNA Technology

Discuss the process of creating recombinant DNA and its application in genetic engineering.

Reverse Transcription in Retroviruses

This question assesses your understanding of reverse transcription in retroviruses.

Reverse Transcription in Retroviruses

This question explores reverse transcription in retroviruses and its comparison to typical DNA repli

RNA Interference (RNAi) in Gene Regulation

Analyze the mechanism of RNA interference and its application in gene knockdown experiments.

RNA Processing and Alternative Splicing

This question examines the post-transcriptional modifications of RNA and their significance in produ

Telomere Dynamics and Cellular Aging

An experiment tracked telomere length over successive cell divisions. Refer to the provided graph an

Telomere Function and Cellular Aging

Answer the following questions regarding telomere structure, its role in cellular aging, and implica

Telomeres, Replication, and Cellular Aging

Discuss the structure and function of telomeres, and analyze their impact on cellular aging.

Transcription and RNA Processing Mechanisms

Researchers are comparing mRNA transcript lengths before and after splicing in eukaryotic cells. Usi

Transcriptional Inhibition by Regulatory Proteins

A study compared mRNA levels under different regulatory conditions to understand the impact of repre

Analysis of Darwin's Observations and Natural Selection

This question asks you to analyze Darwin's observations of reproduction, intraspecific variation, an

Analysis of Natural Selection in Peppered Moths

A study records the frequency of dark and light-colored Peppered moths before and after the industri

Biogeography and Evolutionary History

A biogeographical study examines the distribution of species across various regions. The table below

Cladistics, Homology, and Convergent Evolution

Cladistics uses morphological data to infer evolutionary relationships. Answer the following:

Comparing Evolutionary Theories: Darwin vs. Lamarck

Answer the following questions comparing two evolutionary theories:

Comparison of Natural and Artificial Selection

Natural selection and artificial selection lead to changes in populations, but they operate via diff

Constructing a Phylogenetic Tree

Explain the process of constructing a phylogenetic tree using molecular data. Answer the following p

Constructing Phylogenetic Trees to Understand Common Ancestry

This FRQ focuses on how molecular and fossil records are used together to construct phylogenetic tre

Darwin's Observations and Natural Selection

Discuss how Charles Darwin's observations led to the formulation of natural selection. Explain the c

Darwin's Observations on Reproductive Success

Examine the reproduction data provided below for three different species that are maintained under s

Designing an Experiment on Artificial Selection

Artificial selection involves humans choosing which organisms reproduce. Create a detailed experimen

Directional Selection in Alpine Plant Populations

In this experiment, a researcher investigates the impact of altitude on the phenotype of alpine plan

Embryological Evidence for a Common Ancestry

Embryological studies, including the presence of gill slits in vertebrate embryos, have been used as

Environmental Change and Allele Frequency Graph

A graph shows the change in allele frequency over 20 generations in a population of insects under a

Environmental Change and Genetic Variability

Examine how changes in environmental conditions can affect genetic variability in a population. Answ

Environmental Pressures and Adaptive Evolution

Environmental factors drive adaptive changes in populations. Answer the following:

Evaluating Inheritance Theories: Lamarck vs Darwin

In a laboratory simulation, two populations of snails were observed over 10 generations. One populat

Evaluating Lamarckian Inheritance Versus Darwinian Natural Selection

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck proposed that acquired traits can be inherited, while Darwin’s theory empha

Evidence for Evolution: Fossils, Embryology, and Molecular Data

Evaluate the evidence for evolution provided by different scientific fields including paleontology,

Evidence for Evolution: Phylogenetic Tree Analysis

A cladogram is provided that shows the evolutionary relationships among several vertebrate groups in

Gene Flow and Local Adaptation

Examine how immigration and emigration (gene flow) affect allele frequencies and influence local ada

Genetic Drift in a Bottleneck Event

Genetic drift, particularly in the form of a bottleneck effect, can drastically alter allele frequen

Genetic Equilibrium and Disruptive Evolutionary Forces

Examine the conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and analyze factors that can disrupt

Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium Calculation and Interpretation

In a closed population, a genetic study records that out of 100 individuals, 16 display a recessive

Interpreting Phylogenetic Trees and Common Ancestry

Analyze a simplified phylogenetic tree to infer evolutionary relationships among vertebrate species

Investigating Embryological Evidence for Evolution

Design an experiment to compare gene expression patterns during embryogenesis in different vertebrat

Investigating the Founder Effect in Invasive Species

This FRQ examines the genetic consequences of the founder effect in invasive species populations usi

Investigating the Founder Effect in Isolated Populations

A small group of individuals colonizes an isolated island, which may lead to a reduction in genetic

Mechanisms of Speciation and Reproductive Isolation

Examine the different mechanisms of speciation and the role of reproductive isolation in the evoluti

Mendelian Genetics and Evolutionary Equilibrium

This question integrates Mendelian genetics with population-level equilibrium analyses. Calculate al

Modeling the Hardy-Weinberg Principle in a Changing Population

Apply the Hardy-Weinberg principle to a population undergoing genetic change, and critique the model

Molecular Evidence for Evolution

Discuss how molecular biology provides critical evidence for evolution, with a focus on DNA and prot

Molecular Phylogenetics: Constructing Trees Using DNA Sequences

Scientists compare DNA sequences of a specific gene from several species to infer evolutionary relat

Multiple Lines of Evidence for Evolution

Evaluate how different types of evidence—fossil records, morphological homologies, and molecular dat

Mutation and Genetic Variation

Discuss the role of mutation in generating genetic variation within a population and the implication

Mutation and Its Impact on Evolutionary Processes

Mutations are a primary source of genetic variability and can influence evolution in various ways. A

Mutations and Evolutionary Change

Analyze the role of mutations in creating genetic diversity and driving evolutionary change in popul

Natural versus Artificial Selection

Compare and contrast natural selection with artificial selection by describing their processes and p

Non-Random Mating and Its Evolutionary Consequences

Non-random mating can significantly influence the genetic structure of populations. Answer the follo

Origins of Life: Evaluating the RNA-World Hypothesis and the Miller-Urey Experiment

Examine the origins of life on Earth by discussing the RNA-world hypothesis and the significance of

Paleontological Analysis and Morphological Homology

In this experiment, a researcher studies fossil specimens from two different geological periods to i

Peppered Moth and Directional Selection

Due to industrial pollution, the frequency of dark-colored peppered moths increased in a population

Peppered Moth Case Study: Data Interpretation

A table presents data on the phenotypic ratios of dark and light peppered moths before and after ind

Peppered Moths: An Example of Natural Selection

This question examines the effects of natural selection on phenotype frequencies using the example o

Phylogenetics and Cladistics: Inferring Evolutionary Relationships

Consider a simplified phylogenetic scenario in which species A and B form a clade based on shared de

Population Bottlenecks and Founder Effects

Population bottlenecks and founder effects are important examples of genetic drift. Evaluate how the

Population Genetics and Hardy-Weinberg Law

Analyze a population using Hardy-Weinberg principles to evaluate its genetic structure.

Reproductive Isolation and Speciation

Examine how reproductive isolation contributes to the formation of new species.

Reproductive Isolation and Speciation in Island Birds

On a remote island, a subset of a bird species develops a distinctly different mating call, while th

Selective Forces: Directional, Stabilizing, and Disruptive Selection

Natural selection can take different forms. Evaluate the types of selection and interpret data from

Sexual Selection and Reproductive Fitness

Examine the concept of sexual selection and its relationship to reproductive fitness in natural popu

Sexual Selection and Trait Evolution in Peafowl

Analyze the role of sexual selection in driving the evolution of extravagant traits in peafowl.

Sexual Selection in Peafowl: The Role of Tail Plumage

Researchers are studying a population of peafowl to determine if the size and brightness of tail plu

Sexual Selection: Trade-offs in Peafowl

Studies of peafowl indicate that males with larger and more colorful tails are more attractive to fe

Speciation and Reproductive Isolation

Speciation involves the evolution of reproductive isolation. Answer the following:

Studying Allopatric Speciation in a Natural Setting

Design a research study to investigate allopatric speciation in a species inhabiting fragmented habi

Studying Gene Flow in Populations

Analyze the impact of gene flow on allele frequencies within and between populations. Answer the fol

The RNA World Hypothesis and the Origins of Life

Experiments simulating early Earth conditions, such as the Miller-Urey experiment, provide support f

The Role of Sexual Selection in Trait Evolution

This FRQ investigates the influence of sexual selection on the evolution of secondary sexual traits

Transitional Fossils and Evolution

Transitional fossils provide snapshots of evolutionary change over time. Analyze the role of transit

Altruistic Behavior and Kin Selection

A behavioral study recorded the frequency of altruistic helping behaviors in relation to the coeffic

Animal Communication through Pheromones

This FRQ explores chemical communication among animals via pheromones, focusing on their role in mod

Application of Simpson’s Diversity Index in a Forest Ecosystem

A team of ecologists conducted a survey in a forest and recorded the number of individuals for four

Ecological Pyramid and Energy Flow

Energy flow through ecosystems is depicted by ecological pyramids, which illustrate the transfer of

Ecological Pyramids and Energy Transfer Efficiency

In many ecosystems, only about 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. Cons

Ecological Succession: Primary Succession in a Barren Landscape

Review the series of illustrations depicting primary succession in a barren landscape. Answer the fo

Energy Flow in Ecological Pyramids

This FRQ examines the concept of energy transfer in ecosystems through the ecological pyramid.

Energy Transfer Analysis in Food Chains

Data from an ecosystem study provide the energy content at different trophic levels. Analyze the dat

Energy Transfer Efficiency in an Aquatic Food Web

A marine ecologist aims to quantify energy transfer efficiency across trophic levels in a coastal fo

Genetic and Behavioral Adaptation

This question investigates the relationship between genetically encoded instincts and behavior that

Hierarchy and Behavioral Interactions

Researchers observed a group of birds to study dominance hierarchies and agonistic interactions. Dat

Human Impact: Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss

A conservation biologist examines the relationship between deforestation rates and species richness

Impact of Deforestation on Ecosystem Productivity

An ecologist examines the effect of deforestation on ecosystem productivity in a tropical region by

Imprinting and Behavior Analysis

This FRQ focuses on the process of imprinting in animals. Explore how imprinting as a form of learni

Imprinting Behavior and Critical Period Analysis

A study on imprinting behavior collected data on the critical period durations (in hours) for severa

Learning Behavior: Habituation in Animals

Consider the table below showing the response intensity of an animal to a repeated auditory stimulus

Modeling Exponential Population Growth

Examine the dynamics of exponential population growth in an ideal environment and discuss its limita

Modeling Population Growth: Exponential Growth Analysis

Populations in ideal conditions often exhibit exponential growth. Answer the following parts.

Mutualism and Commensalism in Marine Environments

Marine biologists have observed interactions between remoras and sharks. In these observations, remo

Parasitism and Host Response

This FRQ investigates the dynamics between parasites and their hosts, including the detrimental effe

Pheromone Communication in Insects

An entomologist conducts an experiment to examine the effect of pheromones on the mating behavior of

Photoperiodism and Seasonal Behavior in Plants

Examine the graph provided showing variation in day length over the months of a year. Answer the fol

Photoperiodism Effects on Flowering Time in Arabidopsis

A geneticist studies the influence of day length on flowering time in Arabidopsis plants by growing

Plant Tropisms and Photoperiodism

This FRQ explores how plants respond to various stimuli including light, gravity, and touch, and how

Population Growth and Carrying Capacity

This FRQ examines population dynamics with a focus on exponential growth and carrying capacity.

Population Growth Models and Exponential Growth

This FRQ examines population dynamics under ideal conditions, focusing on exponential growth and the

Productivity in Ecosystems: Gross vs Net Primary Productivity

A researcher is comparing gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP) in a t

Simpson's Diversity Index: Calculations and Ecological Implications

Simpson's Diversity Index is used to quantify the biodiversity of a community. Answer the following