AP Biology FRQ Room

Atomic Structure and Isotopes Analysis

Investigate the nature of atomic structure by analyzing a table that summarizes various isotopes of

Carbohydrate Metabolism and Energy Storage

A biochemist is comparing the metabolism of different polysaccharides involved in energy storage.

Carbohydrates: Structures and Reactions

Compare the different types of carbohydrates and their roles in biological systems.

Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Structures

A cell biologist is comparing the four major classes of organic molecules to understand their struct

Dehydration Synthesis and Its Biological Applications

This FRQ explores the process of dehydration synthesis in the formation of biomolecules. You will de

Designing a Cellular Component Experiment

A researcher is examining the effect of trace elements on enzyme activity in plant cells. The experi

Evaluating Chemical Bonding in Organic Molecules

In an advanced organic chemistry lab, a student compares the strengths of ionic, covalent, and hydro

Evaluating the Relationship Between Molecular Structure and Biological Function

This FRQ challenges you to examine how the structure of various organic molecules determines their b

Examining the Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Catalysis with pH Drift

A researcher performs an enzyme kinetics study by incubating reactions at different temperatures and

Experimental Design: Enzyme Kinetics Under Acidic Conditions

A researcher tests the effect of pH on the kinetics of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

FRQ 3: Chemical Bonds in Biological Compounds

Compare ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds, emphasizing their formation and roles in maintaining th

FRQ 19: Comparative Analysis of Bonding in Biological Systems

Contrast hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds in terms of their strength, stability, and roles in biolo

Hydrolysis and Polymer Breakdown

This question assesses your understanding of the hydrolysis process in breaking down polymers and it

Investigating Nucleic Acid Polymerization via Hydrolysis Reaction

A researcher studies the hydrolysis of RNA under acidic conditions to break it down into individual

Lipid Saturation and Membrane Fluidity

Analyze how the degree of saturation in lipids influences membrane fluidity and cellular function.

Macromolecular Comparisons: Organic Compounds in Life

Compare the four major classes of organic molecules in terms of their structure, function, and synth

Nucleic Acids: Structure and Information Storage

A genetics laboratory is studying bacterial DNA mutations following exposure to a mutagen. Answer th

Organic Molecules: Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

Examine the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in the formation and breakdown of poly

Polymerization vs Hydrolysis Mechanisms in Biochemical Reactions

Compare the mechanisms and biological contexts of polymerization and hydrolysis reactions.

Polysaccharides and Their Biological Functions

Examine the structural differences among various polysaccharides and discuss how these differences r

Protein Structure and Mutation Analysis

A molecular biologist is investigating the structure of proteins and the effects of mutations.

Role of Polysaccharides in Organismal Structure and Energy Storage

A botanist examines the roles of various polysaccharides in plants and animals. Answer the following

Structure and Function of Carbohydrates

This FRQ examines the formation and function of carbohydrates. You will explore how monosaccharides

Trace Elements and Enzymatic Activity

Discuss the importance of trace elements in cellular metabolism and enzymatic function.

Trace Mineral Deficiency and Metabolic Health

Medical researchers are investigating how deficiencies in trace minerals impact metabolic health.

Active Transport and Ion Pumps

Active transport mechanisms allow cells to move substances against their concentration gradients. Ex

Active Transport: The Sodium-Potassium Pump

The sodium-potassium pump maintains essential ion gradients across the plasma membrane. Answer the f

Analyzing Cytoskeleton's Role in Maintaining Cell Shape

The table below reports the degree of cell deformation under mechanical stress for cells with an int

Calculation of Surface Area and Volume: Cubical Cell Model

This question involves calculating the surface area and volume of a cell modeled as a cube and discu

Cell Signaling: Receptor-Ligand Dynamics

This FRQ examines receptor-ligand binding data to infer receptor affinity and specificity in cell si

Cilia and Flagella: Structure and Function

Cilia and flagella are specialized structures that aid in cell movement. Answer the following:

Comparative Analysis of Plant and Animal Cells

Plant and animal cells exhibit distinct structural features that reflect their functions. Answer the

Comparative Function of Ribosomes

Ribosomes play a critical role in protein synthesis, and their structure varies between prokaryotes

Comparative Structure of Plant and Animal Cells

Plant and animal cells exhibit several distinct structural differences. Use the provided table to he

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in several fundamental aspects, leading to differences in co

Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Cell Division

This question investigates the kinetics of cytoskeletal polymerization and its role during cell divi

Cytoskeletal Elements and Vesicle Transport

In a study of intracellular transport, researchers examined the effect of cytoskeletal inhibitors on

Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion Rates

This FRQ examines the rate of molecular transport across membranes via diffusion and facilitated dif

Endocytosis and Exocytosis Mechanisms

A researcher investigates how cells internalize and secrete materials through endocytosis and exocyt

Endocytosis Inhibition Study

An investigation into receptor-mediated endocytosis was carried out by treating cultured cells with

Golgi Complex in Protein Processing and Vesicle Packaging

The table below compares protein modification levels in cells with a functional Golgi complex versus

Integration of Cellular Organelles: Experimental Design

This question requires you to integrate your understanding of several cellular organelles and design

Kinetics of Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

This question integrates data analysis with kinetic concepts to understand receptor-mediated endocyt

Mechanisms of Secondary Active Transport

Secondary active transport uses the energy stored in electrochemical gradients to move substances ac

Membrane Transport: Diffusion and Osmosis

This question examines membrane transport through calculations using the water potential equation an

Microscopy and its Applications in Cell Biology

Microscopy is a fundamental tool for exploring cell structure. Compare and contrast light microscope

Microscopy in Cellular Biology

This question explores the application of different microscopy techniques in cellular biology.

Modes of Endocytosis: Comparing Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis

Design an experiment to compare the rates of pinocytosis and phagocytosis in a cell culture model.

Osmosis and Water Potential in Plant Cells

A botanist is studying water movement in plant cells. The following table provides experimental data

Plant Cell Osmotic Behavior in Different Solutions

A plant cell is placed in three different solutions whose solute concentrations are listed in the ta

Plasma Membrane Structure and Function

The plasma membrane is critical for maintaining cellular integrity and regulating exchange. (a) Des

Protein Processing in the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Complex

A scientist is studying the secretory pathway in eukaryotic cells. A simplified diagram of the pathw

Role of Cell Surface Markers in Immune Recognition

A recent report asserts that variations in glycoprotein expression on cell surfaces directly influen

Temperature Effects on Membrane Fluidity

Temperature plays a key role in determining the fluidity of cellular membranes. Examine the impact o

The Nucleus and Genetic Material Organization

Explore the structure and function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. Answer the following parts:

Vacuoles in Plant and Animal Cells

Vacuoles play different roles in plant and animal cells. Answer the following:

Allosteric Regulation and Enzyme Activity

Examine the concept of allosteric regulation in enzymes and analyze its effects on enzyme activity u

Analysis of Mitochondrial Proton Gradient Formation

Researchers isolated mitochondria to study the formation of the proton gradient during oxidative pho

Cellular Energy Balance and Entropy

A researcher examines how cells maintain order amid the increase in entropy predicted by the Second

Comparative Analysis of ATP Yield in Aerobic versus Anaerobic Conditions

A lab experiment was conducted to compare ATP production in isolated muscle tissues under aerobic an

Electron Transport and ATP Production Correlation

A graph is provided showing the relationship between the proton gradient and ATP production. Analyze

Energetics of ATP Hydrolysis and Reaction Coupling

In many cellular processes, the energy from ATP hydrolysis is used to drive endergonic reactions. Ad

Energy Yield of Aerobic Respiration

Outline the stages of aerobic respiration and calculate the total ATP yield from one molecule of glu

Enzyme Denaturation and Reversibility

Enzyme function is highly dependent on environmental conditions. Investigate the causes of enzyme de

Enzyme Inhibition: Competitive vs. Noncompetitive

Using the data provided below, compare the effects of competitive and noncompetitive inhibition on e

Enzyme Kinetics and Substrate Saturation

In an experiment, a researcher measured the reaction rate of an enzyme-catalyzed process at various

Enzyme Saturation and Reaction Rate

A researcher examines how increasing substrate concentration affects an enzyme's reaction rate. Data

Enzyme Specificity and Active Site Dynamics

Enzymes are highly specific catalysts in biological reactions. Their function depends on precise int

Enzyme Specificity and the Induced-fit Model

This question investigates enzyme specificity and the induced-fit model of enzyme action.

Enzyme-Substrate Interaction and Reaction Rates

Analyze the enzyme‐catalyzed reaction rates using the data provided and answer the following parts.

Impact of Environmental Conditions on Enzyme Activity

Environmental factors such as temperature and pH have significant effects on enzyme activity and str

Impact of pH on ATP Hydrolysis Rate

Review the table below showing rates of ATP hydrolysis at various pH levels. Analyze the data to det

Impact of Temperature on Enzyme Activity

Design an experiment to evaluate how temperature affects the catalytic activity of lactate dehydroge

Integrated Metabolic Pathway Analysis

A researcher examines the contributions of different stages of cellular respiration to the overall p

Investigating Allosteric Regulation

A researcher studies an enzyme that is regulated by an allosteric inhibitor. The enzyme activity is

Investigation of ATP Synthase Activity via Proton Gradient Manipulation

Design an experiment to determine how alterations in the proton gradient across the mitochondrial in

pH Effects on Enzyme Function

This question investigates how pH influences enzyme structure and function.

Photosynthesis Efficiency: Light Reactions Analysis

Photosynthesis involves capturing light energy through pigment absorption. Analyze the differences i

Proton Gradients in Cellular Energy Conversion

A researcher is exploring how proton gradients are generated and utilized in mitochondria and chloro

Reaction Coupling and ATP Hydrolysis Calculations

Cells frequently couple exergonic and endergonic reactions to drive unfavorable processes. Use the p

Reaction Coupling in Metabolic Pathways

Define reaction coupling in cellular metabolism and design a hypothetical pathway where it is essent

Reaction Coupling in Metabolic Pathways

Reaction coupling enables cells to drive endergonic processes. Analyze a coupled reaction scenario.

Role of Cofactors in Enzyme Catalysis

A researcher investigates how varying concentrations of the cofactor Mg2+ affect the activity of an

Temperature Effects on Enzyme Kinetics

A biochemist examines how temperature influences enzyme activity in controlled experiments.

Thermodynamic Principles in Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration must obey the principles of thermodynamics. Use the provided energy data to ana

Advanced G-Protein Signaling Cascade Analysis

Prolonged exposure to a ligand can lead to receptor desensitization in G-protein coupled signaling c

Cancer Biology: Oncogenes vs. Tumor Suppressor Genes

This question explores the genetic basis of cancer by distinguishing between oncogenes and tumor sup

Catalytic Receptors and Enzyme Activation

Design an experiment to test whether ligand concentration affects the enzymatic activity of a cataly

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and DNA Damage Response

Construct a detailed experimental plan to investigate the activation of cell cycle checkpoints in ma

Cell Cycle Dysregulation and Apoptosis

Failure of cell cycle checkpoints can lead to uncontrolled cell division and trigger programmed cell

Cell Division Regulation: Unicellular vs. Multicellular Organisms

Cell division is regulated differently in unicellular and multicellular organisms. Part a: Compare

Cell Migration and Developmental Patterning

Design an experiment to study the migration patterns of cells during development in a tissue model,

Chemical Inhibition of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Design an experiment to test how a chemical inhibitor affects the functioning of ligand-gated ion ch

Chemotaxis in Unicellular Organisms

A researcher is investigating the chemotactic response of a bacterial species to an attractant. The

Comparative Analysis of Cell Communication Types

Cells communicate through both short-range and long-range signals. Diffusion is a key mechanism in s

Comparative Analysis of Mitosis and Cytokinesis

A study compares the process of mitosis in two different cell types—one with rapid division and anot

Comparative Analysis of Receptor Types in Signal Transduction

An article compares three classes of membrane receptors: ligand-gated ion channels, catalytic recept

Comparative Signal Transduction in Cancerous vs. Normal Cells

Construct an experimental plan to compare the activation of signal transduction pathways in cancerou

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases and Cell Cycle Progression

An experiment measured cyclin concentrations during different phases of the cell cycle. The data bel

Cytokinesis and Mitotic Spindle Dynamics

During cell division, cytokinesis physically separates the cytoplasm of the dividing cell, concludin

Effects of Temperature on Mitotic Duration

Design an experiment to determine how temperature variations affect the duration of mitosis in eukar

Evaluating Oncogenic Activation Effects on Mitotic Rate

This question examines how oncogenic activation can influence the rate of cell division by altering

Experimental Analysis of S Phase Duration

A researcher uses a thymidine analog to monitor DNA replication over time in asynchronously dividing

Integration of Cell Communication and Cell Cycle Control in Tissue Repair

A researcher is studying wound healing in epithelial tissue and observes that cell communication thr

Interaction Between Cancer and Cell Cycle Regulation

A genetic mutation affecting a key checkpoint protein has been identified in certain cells, disrupti

Interphase Dynamics and DNA Replication

A scientist measures the DNA content of a population of fibroblast cells over time during interphase

Mitosis and Chromosome Segregation

This question focuses on the stages of mitosis and the mechanisms that ensure accurate chromosome se

Mitosis Stages and Chromosome Behavior

Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells.

Mitosis: The Dance of the Chromosomes

Mitosis is a critical process for cell division. Refer to the provided diagram to answer the questio

Negative Feedback in Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

This question explores homeostatic regulation through negative feedback mechanisms, focusing on bloo

Receptor Mutation: Effects on Signal Transduction

Mutations in receptors can drastically alter signal transduction. Part a: Explain how a mutation i

Signal Transduction Cascade and Amplification

Signal transduction pathways are essential for converting external signals into cellular responses t

Signal Transduction Cascades: Ligand-Receptor Binding

Design an experiment to measure the activation of a receptor by a specific ligand and the resulting

Temporal Dynamics of Cyclin Concentrations

A graph displays changes in cyclin concentration (in arbitrary units) over time during the cell cycl

Analyzing Genotype-Phenotype Discrepancies

Although genotypes determine potential phenotypes, environmental factors can lead to differences in

Analyzing Meiotic Errors: Nondisjunction Effects

In an experiment, two groups of cells undergo meiosis. Group A experiences nondisjunction during ana

Application of Mendelian Principles in Plant Breeding

A plant breeder performs a cross between a heterozygous tall, yellow-flowered plant (TtYy) and a sho

Application of the Product Rule in Predicting Combined Traits

In a genetic study, the probability of obtaining a tall plant is given as 3/4 and the probability of

Codominance and Polygenic Inheritance

Beyond simple dominance relationships, traits can exhibit codominance and polygenic inheritance. Des

Comprehensive Analysis Integrating Meiotic Processes, Test Crosses, and Inheritance Patterns

A comprehensive study was conducted integrating data from meiotic analysis, test crosses, and phenot

Determining Genotype via Test Cross in Fruit Flies

In a population of fruit flies, a dominant phenotype is exhibited by individuals that may be either

Differences Between Meiosis I and II

Meiosis is divided into two successive divisions, each with unique characteristics. Compare and cont

Dihybrid Cross and Independent Assortment

A dihybrid cross examines the inheritance of two independent traits simultaneously. Consider a cross

Dihybrid Cross and Probability

Analyze a dihybrid cross (AaBb x AaBb) and apply probability rules to predict offspring phenotypes.

Dihybrid Cross Experiment Error Analysis

A researcher performed a dihybrid cross using plants with two traits—seed shape and seed color—expec

Efficiency of Gametogenesis in Different Organisms

Two organisms were studied for the efficiency of gamete production. The table below presents the per

Environmental Effects on Phenotypes

Environmental factors can modify which traits are expressed by an organism. Answer the following: (

Environmental Influence on Phenotypic Plasticity

Two genetically identical plants are grown under different conditions: one in an optimal environment

Gamete Production and Anomalies in Spermatogenesis

In an experiment to study spermatogenesis, a researcher examined testicular tissue from lab animals

Gametogenesis Differences: Spermatogenesis vs. Oogenesis

Gametogenesis is the process by which germ cells develop into mature gametes. This question compares

Gregor Mendel's Monohybrid Cross

Mendel’s experiments with pea plants provided evidence for the Law of Dominance. Consider the follow

Haploid vs Diploid Analysis and Gamete Formation

A researcher is investigating the fundamentals of cell division and gametogenesis. The study compare

Identifying Conceptual Error in Plant Hybridization Experiment

Researchers conducted a plant hybridization experiment by crossing two species with distinct petal c

Impact of Linked Genes on Recombination Rates

Two linked genes, A and B, have a recombination frequency of 10%. Answer the following:

Investigating Incomplete Dominance in Snapdragon Flowers

A botanist investigates the inheritance pattern of flower color in snapdragons by crossing a true‐br

Investigating Sex-Linked Inheritance Patterns via Pedigree Analysis

Design an experiment or study to determine the inheritance pattern of a sex-linked trait (e.g., colo

Linked Genes and Recombination Mapping

Genes that are located close together on the same chromosome can be inherited together due to geneti

Mapping Linked Genes Using Recombination Frequency Data

Design an experiment to map the relative positions of three linked genes in a plant species using re

Mitochondrial Inheritance: An Experiment in Maternal Effects

A team of researchers investigated mitochondrial inheritance by comparing offspring traits from reci

Non-Mendelian Inheritance Patterns: Incomplete Dominance and Codominance

Compare and contrast two non-Mendelian inheritance patterns— incomplete dominance and codominance—us

Non-Mendelian Inheritance: Codominance in Flower Color

A researcher is investigating flower color in a plant species known to have codominant alleles for r

Non-Mendelian Inheritance: Incomplete Dominance and Codominance

Describe examples of incomplete dominance and codominance. Then, conduct a genetic analysis of snapd

Nondisjunction and Down Syndrome

Errors during meiosis can lead to nondisjunction, resulting in abnormal numbers of chromosomes. Anal

Probability in Genetic Crosses

Apply the rules of probability to predict outcomes in genetic crosses. Use both the product rule and

Quantitative Analysis of Crossing-over Frequency

Calculate the recombination frequency using experimental data and discuss how this measurement is us

Recombination Frequency and Gene Mapping

Consider three linked genes A, B, and C. The recombination frequency between A and B is 15% and betw

Recombination Mapping and Gene Order Determination

Given recombination frequencies between three linked genes (A, B, and C) where the frequency between

Antiparallel Structure of DNA and Its Functional Implications

The antiparallel orientation of DNA strands is a key feature of the double helix. Answer the followi

Cell-Free Translation System: Ribosome Binding Site Error

A researcher develops a cell-free system to study translation by combining purified mRNA, ribosomes,

Codon-Anticodon Interaction and Wobble Pairing

Answer the following questions related to the interactions between codons and anticodons during tran

Comparative Genomics of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

This question compares the genome organization in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes. Provide comprehensi

DNA Replication Kinetics

This question explores the kinetics of DNA replication. Imagine a cell where each replication fork s

DNA Sequence Mutation Analysis

Consider the mRNA transcript 5'-AUG UCC GUA AAA UGA-3' derived from a DNA coding sequence. A point m

Effects of Topoisomerase Inhibition on DNA Replication Fork Dynamics

In an experiment, a researcher uses a topoisomerase inhibitor to study DNA replication. The resultin

Epigenetic Modifications and Gene Expression

This question investigates how epigenetic modifications regulate gene expression via chromatin struc

Evolutionary Impact of DNA Mutations

Discuss how mutations in DNA contribute to evolutionary change.

Evolutionary Impact of Gene Rearrangements

Gene rearrangements, including duplications and translocations, play a significant role in evolution

Gel Electrophoresis and RFLP Analysis

Answer the following questions related to gel electrophoresis and restriction fragment length polymo

Genetic Mutations and Protein Function Analysis

Evaluate the effects of specific genetic mutations on protein function by analyzing sequence data.

Impact of Point Mutations on Protein Function

A genetic analysis of a particular enzyme reveals the presence of various point mutations. A table i

Interplay of Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation

Examine the sequential processes from transcription to translation and discuss how errors in RNA pro

Mechanism of Translation

Examine the process of translation and the molecular accuracy mechanisms involved in protein synthes

Mutation Effects: Frameshift vs. In-Frame Insertions

This question addresses the consequences of insertion mutations on protein structure.

Mutation Impact on Enzyme Function

Using the experimental data provided, analyze how different types of mutations affect enzyme activit

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Technique

Analyze the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) as a method for DNA amplification and its applications i

Quantitative Analysis of DNA Polymerase Proofreading Mechanisms

Design an experiment to evaluate the role of DNA polymerase proofreading in maintaining replication

Reverse Transcription in Retroviral Life Cycles

Answer the following questions about the process of reverse transcription in retroviruses and its im

Telomeres, Replication, and Cellular Aging

Discuss the structure and function of telomeres, and analyze their impact on cellular aging.

Transcription Rates and mRNA Production

In an experiment, the transcription rate is measured at 5 nucleotides per second per gene. For an mR

Translation Efficiency and Codon Usage

A laboratory study examined how codon usage affects translation efficiency in eukaryotic cells using

tRNA and Codon-Anticodon Pairing

The mRNA sequence 5'-AUG GCU UAA-3' is translated during protein synthesis. Answer the following:

Adaptive Radiation and Speciation

Adaptive radiation is a process in which a single ancestral species diversifies into multiple distin

Adaptive Radiation on an Isolated Island

On an isolated island, a single ancestral bird species diversified into several species with varied

Adaptive Traits and Finch Beak Variation

A population of finches exhibits variation in beak size that correlates with environmental condition

Analyzing Data: Directional, Stabilizing, and Disruptive Selection

A biologist collects data on a population before and after an environmental change and obtains the f

Antibiotic Resistance Evolution in Bacterial Populations

In this experiment, a researcher investigates the evolution of antibiotic resistance in a bacterial

Assessing Different Types of Natural Selection

A biologist conducted experiments on a population of birds with varying beak sizes. The frequency di

Cladistics and Morphological Homologies

Morphological homologies provide key evidence for common ancestry. Use cladistics to analyze evoluti

Comparative Analysis of Convergent and Divergent Evolution

Define and compare convergent and divergent evolution, and discuss how these processes are driven by

Constructing and Interpreting a Cladogram

A cladogram is a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among species. Answer the follow

Darwin’s Natural Selection Observations

Analyze Darwin’s observations, including the production of excess offspring, competition, and differ

Darwin's Observations: Differential Survival in Changing Environments

In a forest environment, a population of beetles exhibits two distinct color morphs: light and dark.

Effects of Gene Flow on Allele Frequencies in Populations

Gene flow can alter allele frequencies within a population by introducing new alleles from immigrant

Environmental Change and Natural Selection in Peppered Moths

This FRQ examines how environmental pollution influences allele frequencies in a peppered moth popul

Environmental Pressures and Adaptive Traits

Selective pressures from an organism’s environment influence the development of adaptive traits. Use

Evaluating the Bottleneck Effect in a Mammal Population

After a natural disaster, a mammal population experiences a dramatic reduction in size. Researchers

Evolution and Genetic Variability: Allele Frequencies Over Time

A study monitored the frequency of Allele A in a given population over five generations. The followi

Evolution of Enzyme Function in Variable Environments

A study examines the catalytic activity of an enzyme extracted from a plant species and how it chang

Evolutionary Fitness and Reproductive Success in Amphibians

A biologist studies an isolated amphibian population to determine how differences in habitat affect

Evolutionary Stasis and Punctuated Equilibrium

Evaluate the theories of gradualistic evolution versus punctuated equilibrium in explaining patterns

Examining Stabilizing Selection in a Simulated Environment

Using a computer simulation of a bird population with variable beak sizes, design an experiment to d

Factors Disrupting Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Discuss the factors that can disrupt Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in a population:

Fossil Record Analysis and Dating Techniques

Dating methods and fossil records are crucial for understanding evolutionary timelines. Delve into t

Fossil Record and Dating Techniques

Assess how the fossil record and dating techniques contribute to our understanding of evolutionary h

Gene Flow and Genetic Drift in Small Populations

Examine the influences of gene flow and genetic drift on small populations:

Gene Flow and Speciation in Island Bird Populations

Bird populations on two nearby islands are occasionally connected by a land bridge, allowing for lim

Genetic Drift: Bottleneck Effect in a Small Population

A study tracked the frequency of a specific allele in a small population over 10 generations. A grap

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Evolutionary Change

A geneticist is studying a large population of beetles assumed to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium w

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and Population Dynamics

A population is examined for its allele frequencies regarding a particular gene. Assume the initial

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in a Fish Population

In a lake, a fish population is assumed to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Researchers observe tha

Impact of Environmental Temperature on Lizard Reproductive Rates

An environmental scientist examines the effects of a gradual temperature increase on a lizard popula

Impact of Mutation, Genetic Drift, and Gene Flow

Mutations, genetic drift, and gene flow are non-selective mechanisms that can alter allele frequenci

Impact of Mutations on Microbial Populations

In a controlled experiment, a microbial population is exposed to a mutagen, altering the mutation ra

Interpreting the Fossil Record

Analyze how the fossil record contributes to our understanding of evolutionary history.

Lamarckian vs. Darwinian Evolutionary Mechanisms

Compare and contrast Lamarck’s theory of acquired traits with Darwin’s theory of natural selection,

Long-Term Trends in Evolution: Punctuated Equilibrium vs. Gradualism

Fossil records of a mammalian lineage reveal long periods of little morphological change followed by

Measuring Evolutionary Fitness in Lizards

A researcher studying a desert lizard population records variations in tail length and associated re

Measuring Reproductive Success in Variable Environments

Evolutionary fitness is commonly measured by reproductive success, but environmental factors can inf

Mechanisms of Speciation: Geographic Isolation and Beyond

Speciation can occur through various mechanisms, including allopatric and sympatric speciation. Usin

Media Critique: Evaluating Claims of Rapid Evolution

Critically evaluate a media report claiming that evolution can occur within a single generation. Use

Mendelian Inheritance and Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Misinterpretation

In this experiment, a researcher studies the genetic structure of a small beetle population by genot

Mendelian Inheritance in Populations

In a population of 200 plants, 150 exhibit the dominant red flower phenotype and 50 exhibit the rece

Miller-Urey Experiment and the Origins of Life

Analyze the design and outcomes of the Miller-Urey experiment, including its relevance to the RNA-wo

Modes of Natural Selection: Directional, Stabilizing, and Disruptive

Examine the different modes of natural selection based on the frequency distribution data provided i

Molecular Evidence for Evolution: Comparative DNA Analysis

This FRQ focuses on how molecular data, such as DNA sequence comparisons, provide compelling evidenc

Molecular Evidence for Evolution: Comparative Genomics

Comparative analysis of DNA sequences among different species reveals varying degrees of similarity.

Morphological Homologies: Evidence of Common Ancestry

Using examples of homologous structures, explain how similarities in anatomical features support the

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift in Evolution

Discuss the roles of mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift as mechanisms that generate genetic vari

Non-Mendelian Inheritance and Evolutionary Predictions

Non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance add complexity to our understanding of genetic variation. Expl

Phylogenetic Trees and Common Ancestry

Phylogenetic trees offer insights into the common ancestry of species. Use the graph provided to ans

Population Bottlenecks and Founder Effects

Population bottlenecks and founder effects are important examples of genetic drift. Evaluate how the

RNA World Hypothesis: Experimental Approaches

Discuss the RNA world hypothesis and design a modern experiment to test its predictions regarding th

Selective Forces: Directional, Stabilizing, and Disruptive Selection

Natural selection can take different forms. Evaluate the types of selection and interpret data from

Selective Predation on Peppered Moths

In this experiment, a researcher is investigating the effects of selective predation on peppered mot

Sexual Selection and Trait Inheritance

This question explores the role of sexual selection in driving the evolution of secondary sexual tra

Sexual Selection in Bird Ornamentation

A study on a bird population measured male tail length and the number of mating successes. The data

Stabilizing vs. Disruptive Selection: An Experimental Analysis

A researcher conducts an experiment to measure the frequency of a continuous trait (such as beak siz

Studying Gene Flow in Populations

Analyze the impact of gene flow on allele frequencies within and between populations. Answer the fol

The Bottleneck Effect and Genetic Diversity

A population undergoing a bottleneck event experienced a severe reduction in size. Data on effective

The RNA World Hypothesis

Discuss the RNA world hypothesis and its significance in explaining the origins of life on Earth.

The Role of Genetic Drift

Evaluate the role of genetic drift in shaping genetic variation within populations, particularly in

Acid Rain Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems

An aquatic ecosystem experienced acid rain that lowered the pH from 7.0 to 5.5. Corresponding measur

Altruistic Behavior and Kin Selection

A behavioral ecologist investigates altruistic behavior in social mammals with a focus on kin select

Altruistic Behavior and Kin Selection

A behavioral study recorded the frequency of altruistic helping behaviors in relation to the coeffic

Circadian Rhythms in Plants

A botanist investigates how different light/dark cycles affect flowering time in a plant species kno

Critical Periods and Imprinting

Examine the diagram provided, which illustrates the imprinting response of hatchling birds over time

Differentiating Gravitropism and Thigmotropism in Climbing Plants

Researchers studied climbing plants’ responses to gravitational and touch stimuli, claiming that gra

Dominance Hierarchies and Territoriality in Social Animals

Social animals often establish dominance hierarchies and territories that structure interactions wit

Ecological Succession and Pioneer Species

Ecological succession describes the gradual process of change in an ecosystem. Answer the following

Ecological Succession: Primary Succession in a Barren Landscape

Review the series of illustrations depicting primary succession in a barren landscape. Answer the fo

Experimental Analysis of Population Growth in Bacterial Cultures

A microbiologist sets up an experiment to observe the exponential growth of a bacterial culture in a

Gravitropism in Plant Roots

A plant biologist studies gravitropism by tilting pots containing pea plants and recording the angle

Growth Curve Analysis

A graph comparing exponential (J-shaped) and logistic (S-shaped) population growth curves for a part

Human Impact: Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss

A conservation biologist examines the relationship between deforestation rates and species richness

Learning versus Instinct: Behavioral Adaptations in Navigational Tasks

A study compared the maze navigation times of animals relying solely on instinct versus those allowe

Logistic Growth and Carrying Capacity

Explore how population growth is limited by the carrying capacity of an environment using the logist

Photosynthetic Response to Light Intensity in Shade Plants

A plant ecologist investigates the photosynthetic response of shade-adapted plants to varying light

Phototropism: Light's Influence on Plant Growth

A botanist is studying phototropism in a climbing plant species. The objective is to determine how v

Plant Tropisms: Phototropism and Thigmotropism

Review the diagram provided that illustrates plant responses to environmental stimuli. The diagram s

Population Growth Dynamics: Exponential vs Logistic Growth

A biologist studying a closed bacterial culture observes that the population initially grows exponen