AP Biology FRQ Room

Analyzing the Role of Water's Cohesion and Adhesion in Capillary Action

A researcher is investigating the unique properties of water by measuring the height to which water

Atomic Structure and Isotopes Analysis

A researcher is studying isotopes in carbon samples to trace metabolic pathways in mammalian cells.

Atomic Structure and Isotopes Analysis

Investigate the nature of atomic structure by analyzing a table that summarizes various isotopes of

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Disaccharides

In the formation of disaccharides, two monosaccharide molecules (such as glucose) join together via

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Reactions

Discuss how cells use dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions to build and break down polymer

DNA Structure and Effects of Point Mutations

Examine the structure of nucleic acids and the consequences of genetic mutations.

Elemental Composition and Isotopes in Biological Molecules

You are presented with information about the elements that form biological molecules and the occurre

Evaluating the Impact of pH on Carbohydrate Structures

A biologist is investigating how pH changes affect the stability of carbohydrate polymers, focusing

Hydrolysis of Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides can be broken down into their constituent monosaccharides via hydrolysis reactions.

Interactions Among Biomolecules: A Case Study

This question examines the variety of non-covalent interactions that underlie the assembly of comple

Lipids and Membrane Structure

Discuss the roles of phospholipids and cholesterol in maintaining membrane fluidity and integrity, a

Organic Molecules: Carbohydrates and Dehydration Synthesis

Investigate the formation of complex carbohydrates via dehydration synthesis and discuss the reversi

Organic Molecules: Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

Examine the processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in the formation and breakdown of poly

Polymerization and Hydrolysis of Organic Molecules

Explore the reversible processes of polymerization and depolymerization in organic molecules and how

Role of Polysaccharides in Organismal Structure and Energy Storage

A botanist examines the roles of various polysaccharides in plants and animals. Answer the following

Roles of Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen Bonds in Molecular Structure

This FRQ examines the different types of chemical bonds that are crucial to the structure of biologi

Trace Elements in Ecosystem Function

An ecologist is researching the role of trace elements (e.g., iron, iodine, copper) in the health of

Trace Mineral Deficiency and Metabolic Health

Medical researchers are investigating how deficiencies in trace minerals impact metabolic health.

Active Transport and the Sodium-Potassium Pump

The sodium-potassium pump actively transports ions by moving 3 Na⁺ ions out of the cell and 2 K⁺ ion

Analyzing the Role of Ribosomes in Protein Synthesis and Cellular Stress

A recent study claims that under cellular stress conditions, cells compensate for increased protein

Cell Recognition and Communication

A researcher investigates the role of glycoproteins and glycolipids in cell recognition and immune r

Comparative Analysis of Plant and Animal Cells

A biologist is comparing plant and animal cells to understand how structural differences relate to t

Comparative Function of Ribosomes

Ribosomes play a critical role in protein synthesis, and their structure varies between prokaryotes

Cytoskeleton and Cellular Division

A cell biologist is investigating the role of the cytoskeleton in maintaining cell shape and facilit

Endocytosis and Exocytosis: Mechanisms and Functions

A researcher is exploring the mechanisms by which cells internalize and expel substances. The proces

Endoplasmic Reticulum and Protein Sorting

A cell biologist examines how the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in protein sorting and how

Endosymbiotic Theory Evidence Analysis

This FRQ is designed to analyze evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory regarding the origins o

Evaluating the Fluid Mosaic Model under Varying Temperature Conditions

A study investigates the effect of temperature on the fluidity of the plasma membrane to test predic

Evaluation of the Fluid Mosaic Model Diagram

This question requires analysis of a provided diagram representing the fluid mosaic model of the pla

Graphical Analysis of Osmosis in Plant Cells

This question involves analyzing a graph that displays water potential in plant cells under hyperton

Impact of Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio on Cellular Function

Design an experiment to determine how variations in cell shape (e.g., spherical vs. elongated) affec

Impact of Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio on Organismal Physiology

The concept of the surface area-to-volume ratio is critical not only at the cellular level but also

Light vs. Electron Microscopy Analysis

A researcher is using microscopy techniques to study cell structures and needs to understand the adv

Mechanisms of Bulk Flow

This question focuses on the concept of bulk flow and its significance in biological transport proce

Microscopy Techniques Comparison

A researcher compared observations of eukaryotic cells using both light microscopy and electron micr

Microscopy: Light vs. Electron Resolution and Magnification

A cell with an actual diameter of 10 μm is imaged using a light microscope at 1000× magnification an

Mitochondrial Function and ATP Production

A study compared the rate of ATP production in cells with altered mitochondrial efficiency. Research

Mitochondrial Structure and ATP Production

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, and their structure is closely related to their functio

Osmosis and Water Potential in Cells

This question assesses understanding of osmosis, water potential, and the consequences of solute con

Peroxisome Detoxification Experiment

A study was undertaken to evaluate the detoxification efficiency of peroxisomes in liver cells by me

Peroxisomes: Detoxification in Cells

Peroxisomes play a major role in detoxifying harmful substances in cells. Answer the following:

Plasma Membrane Structure and Function

The plasma membrane is critical for maintaining cellular integrity and regulating exchange. (a) Des

Protein Synthesis and Ribosomal Activity Experiment

In a study examining protein synthesis, researchers tracked the production of a fluorescently labele

Role of Cell Surface Markers in Immune Recognition

A recent report asserts that variations in glycoprotein expression on cell surfaces directly influen

Solute Potential and Osmosis in Cells

In an experiment, the water (solute) potential of a solution is calculated using the equation $$\Psi

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio and Cell Function

The table below lists measurements of spherical cells with varying diameters and their corresponding

Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio in Organisms

An experiment was designed to examine how organism size affects heat exchange with the environment u

Aerobic Respiration and ATP Yield

A researcher studies aerobic respiration to understand the contributions of different stages of gluc

Allosteric Regulation and Enzyme Activity

Examine the concept of allosteric regulation in enzymes and analyze its effects on enzyme activity u

Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes

Design an experiment to evaluate the effects of an allosteric inhibitor on enzyme activity.

Assessment of NADH Utilization in the Krebs Cycle

A group of researchers sought to quantify the energy released during the Krebs cycle by measuring NA

ATP Yield in Cellular Respiration Processes

Refer to the table below listing ATP and electron carrier yields from different stages of cellular r

Chemiosmosis and Proton Gradient-Driven ATP Synthesis

Chemiosmosis links the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis via the proton gradient. Using the

Comparative Analysis of Energy Conversion in Photosynthesis and Respiration

Compare the mechanisms of ATP synthesis in photosynthesis and cellular respiration, and evaluate how

Comparative Analysis of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

A flow diagram is provided comparing the overall processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiratio

Comparative Energy Pathways: Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration

Compare the energy conversion processes in photosynthesis and cellular respiration, with a focus on

Effect of Light Intensity on Photosynthesis

The table below presents data on oxygen production by leaves at different light intensities. Analyze

Energy Coupling in Metabolic Pathways

Design an experiment to test how coupling an exergonic reaction (ATP hydrolysis) with an endergonic

Enzyme Denaturation and Reversibility

Enzyme function is highly dependent on environmental conditions. Investigate the causes of enzyme de

Enzyme Kinetics and Saturation Analysis

Understanding enzyme kinetics is essential for analyzing reaction rates. Examine the concept of satu

Enzyme Saturation and Reaction Rate

A researcher examines how increasing substrate concentration affects an enzyme's reaction rate. Data

Enzyme-Substrate Interactions and Induced Fit

A researcher examines how varying substrate concentrations affect the reaction rate of an enzyme. Th

Fermentation and Muscle Function

Under strenuous exercise, muscle cells switch to anaerobic respiration (fermentation), leading to la

Glycolysis Pathway and ATP Yield

This question focuses on glycolysis, the pathway that breaks down glucose to yield ATP and NADH.

Impact of Temperature and pH on Enzymatic Activity

A lab experiment measures enzyme activity across different temperatures. The data is provided in the

Investigation of the Induced-Fit Mechanism in Enzyme-Substrate Binding

A researcher designed an experiment to examine the induced-fit mechanism of an enzyme using a fluore

Light Intensity Effects on Photosynthesis

Propose a controlled experiment to determine how varying light intensities affect the rate of photos

Metabolic Regulation via Feedback Inhibition

Feedback inhibition is a key regulatory mechanism in metabolism. Discuss its role and provide an exa

Photosystem Function and Pigment Absorption

Photosystems I and II are integral to the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis. Discuss their

Proton Gradients in Cellular Energy Conversion

A researcher is exploring how proton gradients are generated and utilized in mitochondria and chloro

Reaction Coupling and ATP Hydrolysis Calculations

Cells frequently couple exergonic and endergonic reactions to drive unfavorable processes. Use the p

Temperature Effects on Enzyme Kinetics

This question explores how temperature influences enzyme kinetics and reaction rates.

The Calvin Cycle and Light-Independent Reactions

The Calvin Cycle is critical for carbon fixation in photosynthesis. Explain the steps of the Calvin

Bacterial Chemotaxis Investigation

A scientist is investigating the chemotactic behavior of a unicellular bacterium in response to vary

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and DNA Damage Response

This question examines the role of cell cycle checkpoints in monitoring DNA integrity and responding

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and DNA Damage Response

A laboratory study exposes cultured cells to a DNA-damaging agent and measures checkpoint protein le

Cell Division Regulation: Unicellular vs. Multicellular Organisms

Cell division is regulated differently in unicellular and multicellular organisms. Part a: Compare

Chemotaxis in Unicellular Organisms

A researcher is investigating the chemotactic response of a bacterial species to an attractant. The

Chemotaxis in Unicellular Organisms

A researcher investigates the chemotactic response of a bacterial species to increasing concentratio

Comparative Study of Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes

Researchers compare mutation frequencies in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes across several canc

Comparing Signal Transduction Pathways

Cellular communication involves various types of membrane receptors that trigger different intracell

Effects of Environmental Stress on Cell Signaling and Cycle Regulation

A study examines the impact of a high concentration of an environmental toxin on kidney cells, asses

Evaluating Signal Transduction in Multicellular Organisms

Cells use different signaling strategies based on the distance over which signals need to travel. Re

Experimental Analysis of Signal Pathways

The table below shows experimental data relating ligand concentration to the relative production of

G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and cAMP Amplification

An endocrinologist studies the effect of adrenaline on heart cells, focusing on its interaction with

GPCR Dynamics and cAMP Production

This question examines the dynamics of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) activation and its role in

Homeostasis and Hormonal Regulation

It is claimed that insulin and glucagon work via feedback mechanisms to maintain blood glucose level

Impact of Environmental Stimuli on Unicellular Organisms

Unicellular organisms rely on taxis to navigate their environments. Answer the following questions r

Interphase Dynamics and DNA Replication

Interphase is a critical period during which the cell grows and duplicates its genetic material. A r

Kinetic Analysis of Cell Cycle Phases

This question focuses on the temporal regulation of the cell cycle and requires the analysis of kine

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels and Muscle Contraction

A study investigates the role of ligand-gated ion channels at the neuromuscular junction during musc

Mitosis Stages and Chromosome Segregation

The following table describes the duration of each stage of mitosis in a cultured cell.

Mutations Impacting Cell Communication

A researcher is investigating the consequences of a point mutation in the kinase domain of a catalyt

Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes

Cancer development is closely linked to genetic alterations in cell cycle regulation. A researcher i

Receptor Binding and Signal Specificity

A research group examines signal transduction through enzyme-linked receptors in cultured fibroblast

Regulation of Blood Glucose via Hormonal Signaling

This question explores how hormonal signaling regulates blood glucose levels via insulin and glucago

Role of Second Messengers in Signal Amplification

Second messengers play a crucial role in amplifying cellular signals. Consider the role of cyclic AM

Signal Amplification in Cell Communication

Signal transduction cascades allow cells to amplify a small external signal. Using the concept of si

Signal Transduction Pathways in Multicellular Organisms

A liver cell is exposed to a hormone that cannot cross the plasma membrane, so it must interact with

Signal Transduction Schematic Analysis

Analyze the provided diagram of a signal transduction pathway. Consider the pathway components illus

Tumor Suppressor Genes and Apoptotic Response

Researchers compare the response of wild type cells and cells with a mutated p53 gene (a key tumor s

Barr Bodies and X-Inactivation

X-inactivation is a process that equalizes gene dosage in female mammals. Answer the following: (a)

Comparative Analysis: Spermatogenesis versus Oogenesis

Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are two distinct processes of gamete formation in animals. Each proces

Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis

Cell division occurs via mitosis and meiosis, each serving distinct purposes. Answer the following:

Comprehensive Analysis Integrating Meiotic Processes, Test Crosses, and Inheritance Patterns

A comprehensive study was conducted integrating data from meiotic analysis, test crosses, and phenot

Designing a Test Cross Experiment

Design a test cross experiment to determine if a tall pea plant is homozygous dominant (TT) or heter

Dihybrid Cross and Independent Assortment

The dihybrid cross is a key experiment illustrating the Law of Independent Assortment. In this scena

Dihybrid Cross and Independent Assortment

A dihybrid cross was performed to study the inheritance of two distinct traits. The table below show

Examining Meiotic Nondisjunction and Its Consequences in Model Organisms

Design an experiment using a model organism (e.g., fruit flies or yeast) to study the effects of non

Exploring Incomplete Dominance in Snapdragon Flowers

Design an experiment using snapdragon flowers to demonstrate incomplete dominance. Cross true-breedi

Gamete Formation and Fertilization

Gametes are essential for sexual reproduction. Answer the following questions: (a) Describe the rol

Gamete Production and Anomalies in Spermatogenesis

In an experiment to study spermatogenesis, a researcher examined testicular tissue from lab animals

Gametogenesis and Genetic Disorders

Gamete formation is a critical process for maintaining the proper chromosome number in sexually repr

Haploid vs Diploid and Gamete Formation

Explain the differences between haploid and diploid cells and describe the significance of haploid g

Haploid vs. Diploid Cells: Structure and Function

Cells can be categorized based on their chromosome numbers: haploid cells (n) and diploid cells (2n)

Impact of Linked Genes on Recombination Rates

Two linked genes, A and B, have a recombination frequency of 10%. Answer the following:

Integrative Inheritance: Combining Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Traits

Design an experiment in which you cross organisms that exhibit both Mendelian (e.g., dominant/recess

Interplay Between Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Inheritance

A series of crosses were performed demonstrating both Mendelian traits and non-Mendelian inheritance

Maternal Inheritance Patterns: Mitochondrial Genes

Explain the principles of mitochondrial inheritance and how they differ from classical Mendelian inh

Non-Mendelian Inheritance: Codominance in Flower Color

A researcher is investigating flower color in a plant species known to have codominant alleles for r

Polygenic Inheritance in Quantitative Traits

A population genetics study focuses on a quantitative trait, such as human height, which is influenc

Probability Calculations in Genetics

Probability rules are often used to predict outcomes in genetic crosses. Using the provided probabil

Probability in Genetic Crosses

Apply the rules of probability to analyze multi-event genetic scenarios.

Recombination Frequency and Gene Mapping

Consider three linked genes A, B, and C. The recombination frequency between A and B is 15% and betw

Sex-Linked Traits Inheritance

This question explores the unique pattern of inheritance for X-linked traits using color blindness a

Studying Polygenic Inheritance: Genetic Influences on Human Height

Design an experiment to study the polygenic inheritance of human height. Your experiment should invo

Synapsis and Crossing-Over Analysis in Meiosis

A researcher conducts an experiment to quantify the frequency of crossing-over events during synapsi

Synapsis and Crossing-Over: Diagram Analysis

Analyze the provided diagram illustrating synapsis and crossing-over during prophase I of meiosis. I

Test Cross Analysis in Pea Plants

A tall pea plant has an ambiguous genotype. Describe how a test cross with a homozygous recessive (t

Analyzing DNA Gel Electrophoresis Results

A researcher runs gel electrophoresis on DNA fragments produced by a restriction enzyme. Three bands

Comparative DNA Replication: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

Compare the mechanisms of DNA replication in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, highlighting the diff

DNA Damage from UV Radiation and Repair Mechanisms

Cells exposed to UV radiation exhibit specific types of DNA damage. A researcher examines the repair

DNA Structure and Base Pairing Analysis

This question focuses on the fundamental structure of DNA and how complementary base pairing ensures

DNA Topology and Supercoiling

This question focuses on the concept of DNA supercoiling and the enzymes involved in managing DNA to

Effects of DNA Mutations on Antiparallel Structure

A diagram provided in the stimulus shows a segment of a double-stranded DNA molecule, with one stran

Effects of Inducers on the lac Operon Expression

Design a controlled experiment to assess the impact of varying lactose concentrations on the express

Effects of Point Mutations on Protein Synthesis

Mutations in the genetic code can have varying effects on protein synthesis. Consider the following

Energy Consumption in DNA Replication by Helicase

Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix during replication. Suppose unwinding 1 kilobase (kb) of DNA r

Evaluating Methods for Enhancing Bacterial Transformation

Design an experiment to compare different methods for introducing a recombinant plasmid into E. coli

Exploring the Role of Telomerase in Telomere Length Maintenance

Design an experiment to investigate the effects of telomerase activity on telomere length in culture

FRQ 1: DNA Structure and Base Pairing

An experiment using X‐ray crystallography reveals images that support the double helix model of DNA.

FRQ 9: PCR Amplification in a Diagnostic Laboratory

A diagnostic laboratory utilizes PCR to amplify a gene segment associated with a hereditary disorder

FRQ 10: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis

Researchers assess genetic variation in a population by digesting DNA with restriction enzymes and a

FRQ 14: Telomeres and Cellular Aging

A study tracks telomere length in human fibroblasts over several passages and correlates these measu

Impacts of Genetic Mutations on Protein Synthesis

Considering different types of genetic mutations, answer the following questions regarding their eff

Interplay of Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation

Examine the sequential processes from transcription to translation and discuss how errors in RNA pro

Leading versus Lagging Strand Synthesis Analysis

Examine the schematic diagram of a DNA replication fork provided and answer the following questions

PCR Amplification Experiment

A researcher employs PCR to amplify a specific gene fragment, varying the number of cycles to observ

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Efficiency

During PCR, the amount of DNA is amplified exponentially with each cycle. The table below shows the

Quantitative Analysis of DNA Polymerase Proofreading Mechanisms

Design an experiment to evaluate the role of DNA polymerase proofreading in maintaining replication

Recombinant DNA Technology

Discuss the process of creating recombinant DNA and its application in genetic engineering.

RNA Interference (RNAi) and Post-Transcriptional Regulation

This question explores the mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) and its application in regulating ge

Transcription Regulation Experiment Using Promoter Mutations

A researcher introduces point mutations into the promoter region of a eukaryotic gene and measures m

Viral Replication Cycles: Lytic vs Lysogenic

This question examines the differences between the lytic and lysogenic cycles in bacteriophages and

Adaptive Traits and Environmental Pressures

Consider a scenario where two populations of the same species are subjected to different environment

Analysis of Natural Selection in Peppered Moths

A study records the frequency of dark and light-colored Peppered moths before and after the industri

Analyzing Phylogenetic Relationships Through Molecular Data

A comparative study of DNA sequence divergence among species is represented by the graph provided. T

Artificial Selection and Breeding Experiments

Artificial selection has played a significant role in shaping species, particularly in agriculture.

Artificial Selection in Domesticated Animals

A breeder is selectively mating dogs to enhance certain physical traits such as size and coat color.

Artificial Selection: Methods and Implications

Artificial selection is a process driven by human choice. Answer the following:

Comparing Directional, Stabilizing, and Disruptive Selection

A graph displays a frequency distribution for a particular trait within a population. Using the grap

Comparison of Lamarckian and Darwinian Theories

Compare and contrast Lamarck’s theory of the inheritance of acquired traits with Darwin’s theory of

Convergent vs. Divergent Evolution

This question examines the differences between convergent and divergent evolution. Use your understa

Darwin's Observations on Natural Selection

Charles Darwin’s early observations provided the groundwork for the theory of evolution by natural s

Designing an Experiment on Environmental Impact on Evolution

Design a controlled experiment to test how a specific abiotic factor influences the rate of evolutio

Directional Selection in Alpine Plant Populations

In this experiment, a researcher investigates the impact of altitude on the phenotype of alpine plan

Directional Selection Under Environmental Stress

A bacterial population is exposed to an antibiotic. Initially, most bacteria are susceptible, but ov

Effects of Gene Flow on Subpopulation Divergence

Two subpopulations of the same species are separated by a mountain range, but occasional migration (

Evaluating Inheritance Theories: Lamarck vs Darwin

In a laboratory simulation, two populations of snails were observed over 10 generations. One populat

Evaluating Lamarckian Inheritance Versus Darwinian Natural Selection

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck proposed that acquired traits can be inherited, while Darwin’s theory empha

Evidence for Evolution: Interpreting Phylogenetic Relationships

Using the information provided in the table below, interpret the evolutionary relationships between

Evidence of Evolution: Fossils and Biogeography

Discuss how fossil records and biogeographical patterns serve as robust evidence for evolution and c

Evidences of Continuing Evolution: Fossils and Molecular Biology

Continuing evolution is supported by multiple lines of evidence. Answer the following:

Evolution and Genetic Variability: Allele Frequencies Over Time

A study monitored the frequency of Allele A in a given population over five generations. The followi

Evolutionary Consequences of Non-Random Mating in a Fish Population

In a coastal fish population, individuals preferentially choose mates with brighter coloration. Answ

Exploring the RNA World Hypothesis in a Prebiotic Chemistry Experiment

The RNA world hypothesis suggests that early life was based on RNA molecules. Design an experiment t

Exploring the RNA-World Hypothesis and the Origins of Life

Discuss the RNA-world hypothesis and its significance in theories of the origins of life on Earth, a

Gene Flow and Genetic Drift in Small Populations

Examine the influences of gene flow and genetic drift on small populations:

Gene Flow and Its Impact on Population Genetics

Gene flow plays a critical role in shaping genetic diversity within populations. Examine how migrati

Gene Flow, Immigration, and the Founder Effect

The founder effect describes how a new population started by a few individuals can have a significan

Genetic Drift: Bottleneck Effect in a Small Population

A study tracked the frequency of a specific allele in a small population over 10 generations. A grap

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Calculation

Using Hardy-Weinberg principles, perform the calculations and interpretation regarding genotype freq

Impact of Environmental Changes on Evolutionary Fitness

This question explores how sudden environmental changes, such as temperature increases, impact evolu

Impact of Mutation on Genetic Diversity

In an experiment, scientists tracked the frequency of a new mutant allele in a bacterial population

Impact of Mutation, Genetic Drift, and Gene Flow

Mutations, genetic drift, and gene flow are non-selective mechanisms that can alter allele frequenci

Interpreting the Fossil Record

Analyze how the fossil record contributes to our understanding of evolutionary history.

Investigating the Founder Effect in Isolated Populations

A small group of individuals colonizes an isolated island, which may lead to a reduction in genetic

Lamarck vs. Darwin: Mechanisms of Evolution

Contrast Darwin's theory of natural selection with Lamarck’s hypothesis of the inheritance of acquir

Measuring the Impact of Gene Flow in Plant Populations

Design an experiment to investigate how migration between previously isolated plant populations affe

Molecular Analysis of DNA Sequences in Evolutionary Studies

In this experiment, a researcher analyzes DNA sequences from various bacterial strains to infer thei

Molecular Evidence and Common Ancestry

Molecular biology offers compelling evidence for evolution. Discuss how molecular data supports the

Molecular Evidence for Evolution

Molecular comparisons among species can help illustrate common ancestry. The table below shows perce

Molecular Evidence for Evolution: Cladistic Analysis

Analyze the molecular data provided in the table to construct a cladogram and explain how DNA sequen

Molecular Evidence for Evolution: Comparative DNA Analysis

This FRQ focuses on how molecular data, such as DNA sequence comparisons, provide compelling evidenc

Multiple Lines of Evidence for Evolution

Evaluate how different types of evidence—fossil records, morphological homologies, and molecular dat

Mutation and Genetic Drift: Population Dynamics

In populations, both mutations and genetic drift can alter allele frequencies independently of natur

Mutation and Genetic Variation

Discuss the role of mutation in generating genetic variation within a population and the implication

Mutation Rates and Environmental Factors

Mutations introduce new genetic variation. Consider a gene with a length of 2000 base pairs and a mu

Mutation, Genetic Drift, and Bottlenecks

A population experienced a severe bottleneck, reducing its size dramatically. The following table pr

Mutations and Evolutionary Change

Analyze the role of mutations in creating genetic diversity and driving evolutionary change in popul

Peppered Moth Evolution and Natural Selection

Investigate the impact of natural selection on the phenotypic shift in peppered moth populations due

Peppered Moth Experiment: Natural Selection in Polluted Environments

Researchers set up a controlled enclosure experiment to simulate a polluted environment and study na

Peppered Moths and Directional Selection

The following table shows the frequency of dark-colored and light-colored peppered moths observed du

Phylogenetics and Cladistics: Inferring Evolutionary Relationships

Consider a simplified phylogenetic scenario in which species A and B form a clade based on shared de

Population Genetics and Genetic Drift

Examine the role of genetic drift in shaping genetic diversity within a population. Answer the follo

Reproductive Isolation and Speciation

Examine how reproductive isolation contributes to the formation of new species.

Selection Pressures in Peppered Moth Populations

The case of the peppered moth is a classic example of natural selection, where environmental changes

Selective Forces: Directional, Stabilizing, and Disruptive Selection

Natural selection can take different forms. Evaluate the types of selection and interpret data from

Selective Predation on Peppered Moths

In this experiment, a researcher is investigating the effects of selective predation on peppered mot

Sexual Selection and Trait Propagation

Analyze the role of sexual selection in driving the evolution of secondary sexual traits. Answer the

Sexual Selection: Trade-offs in Peafowl

Studies of peafowl indicate that males with larger and more colorful tails are more attractive to fe

Speciation and Reproductive Barriers

Discuss how reproductive barriers can lead to speciation, focusing on the roles of pre-zygotic and p

Speciation and Reproductive Isolation

Speciation often results from the development of reproductive barriers. Evaluate the roles of pre-zy

Testing Non-Random Mating Patterns

This FRQ focuses on the concept of non-random mating and explores its effects on genetic diversity a

Testing the Effects of Mutations on Population Genetics Using Microorganisms

Using a controlled microbial system with a known rate of spontaneous mutation, design an experiment

The Role of Sexual Selection

Examine the role of sexual selection in the evolution of secondary sexual characteristics.

Analyzing Population Growth Using the r Equation

A researcher studying an insect population collected data on births and deaths over one generation a

Animal Behavior: Altruism vs. Aggression

This FRQ focuses on contrasting altruistic and aggressive behaviors in animals, and their evolutiona

Assessing Biodiversity Using Simpson's Diversity Index

A researcher uses Simpson's Diversity Index, given by $$D = 1 - \sum (n_i/N)^2$$, to assess biodiver

Assessing Simpson’s Diversity Index in a Forest Ecosystem

An ecologist collects data on tree species abundance within a 1-hectare plot in a temperate forest t

Calculating and Interpreting Simpson’s Diversity Index in a Forest Ecosystem

Researchers collected species data from a forest and used Simpson's Diversity Index $$D = 1 - \Sigma

Chemical Communication: Pheromones and Agonistic Behavior

Chemical signals such as pheromones play a role in mediating behavior. Answer the parts below.

Circadian Clock Genes: Oscillatory Patterns in Gene Expression

Investigate the oscillatory behavior of circadian clock genes in mammals using a mathematical model.

Circadian Rhythms in Organisms

Investigate the mechanisms of circadian rhythms and their implications for both plant and animal beh

Circadian Rhythms in Plants: Photoperiodism and Flowering Time

Examine the graph provided that relates day length to the probability of flowering in a plant specie

Critical Evaluation of Acid Rain Effects on Ecosystems

An environmental report asserts that acid rain has severely affected plant growth and aquatic life i

Differentiating Gravitropism and Thigmotropism in Climbing Plants

Researchers studied climbing plants’ responses to gravitational and touch stimuli, claiming that gra

Ecological Succession: Primary Succession

Ecological succession describes the process of change in species composition over time following a d

Ecosystem Analysis of Keystone Species

An ecosystem study involved the experimental removal of a keystone species. Data on species populati

Evaluating the Impact of Deforestation on Biodiversity

A recent study suggests that deforestation in a tropical rainforest has led to a significant reducti

Evaluation of Pheromone-Based Communication in Mammals

A researcher claims that pheromones are the primary mode of communication for establishing dominance

Exponential Growth and Population Dynamics

This FRQ involves modeling population growth using the exponential growth equation and predicting fu

Human Impact on Ecosystems: Greenhouse Effect and Biodiversity Loss

Human activities have substantial impacts on ecosystems. Answer the following parts.

Human Impact on the Environment: Pollution

This FRQ addresses the effects of pollution in ecosystems, with a focus on toxin bioaccumulation and

Human Population Dynamics and Environmental Carrying Capacity

A demographer is studying the relationship between human population growth and environmental carryin

Impact of Deforestation on Ecosystem Function

Analyze the long-term effects of deforestation and subsequent desertification on ecosystem structure

Imprinting and Critical Period Sensitivity

A biologist studying imprinting behavior in waterfowl wishes to examine how the timing of exposure t

Imprinting and Critical Periods in Avian Species

A developmental biologist examines imprinting in ducklings during their sensitive period.

Investigating Energy Transfer in a Terrestrial Ecosystem

The 10% rule in energy flow suggests that only 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level t

Keystone Species and Ecosystem Dynamics

This FRQ addresses the concept of keystone species and their role in ecosystem stability.

Keystone Species and Trophic Cascades

An ecologist studied the impact of removing a keystone predator from an ecosystem. The table below c

Learning and Neural Adaptations: Habituation vs. Sensitization

Review the graph provided, which displays response intensity over multiple trials for two different

Learning, Imprinting, and Habituation in Avian Species

Bird behavior is shaped by both innate mechanisms and experiences. In many bird species, imprinting

Modeling Population Growth: Exponential Growth Analysis

Populations in ideal conditions often exhibit exponential growth. Answer the following parts.

Photoperiodism and Flowering in Plants

A botanist studied the flowering response of long-day and short-day plants by varying the length of

Photosynthesis Rate Under Variable Conditions

Investigate how changes in light intensity and temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis in plan

Population Growth and Exponential Growth

A biologist observes that a bacterial colony in a nutrient-rich environment exhibits exponential gro

Population Growth Dynamics and Carrying Capacity

A population ecologist monitored the growth of a species over time and recorded population sizes. Th

Population Growth Dynamics: Exponential vs Logistic Growth

A biologist studying a closed bacterial culture observes that the population initially grows exponen

Species Interactions and Keystone Species

Keystone species play a critical role in maintaining the structure of an ecosystem. This FRQ examine