AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based FRQ Room

Airflow Over an Airfoil and Lift Generation

In a wind tunnel experiment, an airfoil is subjected to an airflow of $$20\,m/s$$. Pressure sensors

Airfoil Lift and Pressure Differential Measurements

An aerospace student designs an experiment in a wind tunnel to measure the lift generated by an airf

Airfoil Pressure Distribution Study

A series of experiments was conducted in a wind tunnel to measure the pressure distribution along a

Analysis of Flow in a Curved Pipe

Water flows through a curved pipe, where the curvature induces additional centrifugal effects.

Analyzing Pressure in a U-Tube Manometer

A U-tube manometer utilizes two different fluids (water and mercury) to measure pressure differences

Bernoulli's Data Analysis

An experiment is conducted where a fluid flows through a horizontal pipe. A graph showing the variat

Bernoulli's Equation Application

A horizontal pipe has a constriction such that the cross-sectional area at Section 2 is one-third of

Bernoulli's Equation in a Horizontal Pipe

A horizontal pipe carries water and gradually narrows. In the wide Section 1 (diameter 8 cm), the wa

Bernoulli’s Principle and Air Flow Over an Airfoil

An airfoil (wing cross-section) diagram shows streamlines of air with different velocities above and

Bernoulli’s Principle in Spillway Flow

This problem applies Bernoulli’s principle to analyze water flow over a spillway and to discuss ener

Branching Pipe Flow in a Plumbing System

Water flows from a reservoir through a pipe that splits into two branches. At the inlet, the pipe ha

Buoyancy and Density Ratio Experiment

An experiment is conducted to study the buoyancy of various objects in different fluids. The followi

Buoyancy and Floating Object

An object with a mass of $$150\;kg$$ and a volume of $$0.75\;m^3$$ is placed in a container filled w

Buoyancy and Floating Objects

An object with a mass of 150 kg and a volume of 0.75 m³ is placed in a fluid with a density of 800 k

Buoyancy and Volume Fraction Analysis

A researcher studies buoyancy by examining how much of an object is submerged when floating. The exp

Buoyancy Experiment with Incorrect Variable Substitution

A student designs an experiment to determine the fraction of an object's volume that is submerged wh

Buoyant Force Measurement Experiment

In an experiment designed to measure buoyant force, the weights of submerged objects were recorded.

Buoyant Stability and Metacentric Height in Floating Bodies

A floating vessel is designed with specific dimensions to ensure stability. A diagram of the vessel’

Calculating Buoyant Force

An irregular object is completely submerged in water (density $$1000\;kg/m^3$$) and displaces a volu

Density Determination and Fluid Identification

This problem focuses on calculating density and using that result to discuss buoyancy. Answer the fo

Density Determination by Immersion Experiment

A student conducts an experiment to determine the density of a metal cylinder by measuring the chang

Density Determination Experiment

In a laboratory experiment, a student measures the density of an unknown oil sample by determining i

Designing a Pipeline: Balancing Pressure and Flow Rate

An engineering project requires designing a pipeline to transport water over long distances. Changes

Designing a Water Fountain: Pressure and Flow

A landscape architect is designing a water fountain and needs the water jet to reach a maximum heigh

Designing an Optimal Fluid Transport System

In a chemical plant, an optimal fluid transport system needs to be designed for a viscous liquid. De

Discrepancies in Pipe Flow Measurements

In an experiment to measure water velocity in a pipe, the predicted velocity in a constricted (narro

Dynamic Pressure in a Wind Tunnel

In a wind tunnel experiment, air flows at a speed of $$15\,m/s$$. Given that the density of air is $

Evaluating Fluid Pressure under Variable Density Conditions

In an experimental setup, the fluid density varies with depth according to $$\rho(y) = \rho_0 + k *

Examining the Role of Viscosity in Fluid Dynamics Experiments

A researcher is investigating how the viscosity of a fluid affects flow measurements in experiments,

Experimental Analysis of Lift Generation

In wind tunnel experiments, an airfoil is tested under varying flow speeds. A table gives measured d

Exploring Buoyancy in Variable Fluid Densities

A block with a volume of $$0.5\,m^3$$ and a mass of $$400\,kg$$ is placed in two different fluids. I

Flow Rate Consistency in a Pipe

An experiment measured the flow characteristics in two sections of a pipe with different radii. The

Flow Rate in a Constricted Pipe

Consider a circular pipe carrying water. The pipe has a radius of 2 cm and the water flows at a spee

Flow Rate in a Non-uniform Pipe

A researcher examines fluid flow through a non-uniform circular pipe where the fluid is assumed to b

Fluid Flow in a River: Application of the Continuity Equation

A field study of a river involves measuring water flow through sections of differing cross-sectional

Fluid Flow in an Open-Channel System: Integration of Concepts

A researcher conducts a comprehensive investigation of fluid flow in an open-channel system (e.g., a

Fluid Flow in Circular and Rectangular Channels

Two channels are used to transport water: Channel 1 is circular with a diameter $$d$$, and Channel 2

Force Analysis on a Dam Structure Using Fluid Pressure

A dam holds back a reservoir of water with a depth of 20 m. The vertical face of the dam has a width

Gauge and Absolute Pressure Measurements

In an experiment, a pressure sensor records both gauge pressure and absolute pressure at various dep

Hydraulic Lift Design

A hydraulic lift employs two pistons connected by an incompressible fluid. The small piston has an a

Hydrostatic Pressure and Exit Velocity from a Reservoir

A large dam reservoir holds water with a density of 1000 kg/m³. Atmospheric pressure is $$101325\;Pa

Hydrostatic Pressure in a Stratified Lake

In a lake experiencing a temperature gradient, water density increases with depth. Suppose the top 0

Hydrostatic Pressure in an Open Tank

A researcher is investigating the hydrostatic pressure in an open water tank. The tank holds water w

Inclined Pipe Flow with Incorrect Gravitational Component

A student analyzes fluid flow in an inclined pipe by measuring pressure at the upper and lower secti

Investigating Viscosity in Fluid Flow

A researcher explores the effect of fluid viscosity on flow rate through a narrow tube. Two liquids

Mapping Fluid Pressure Distribution Using Sensors

Design an experiment to map the pressure distribution within a fluid container by using multiple pre

Measurement and Correction of Fluid Pressure

A pressure sensor installed in a water tank provides the following readings at different depths: |

Measurement of Flow Rate in a Venturi Meter

A venturi meter is installed in a pipeline to measure flow rate by producing a pressure drop at the

Measuring Flow Rate in Open Channels via Floating Objects

Design an experiment to measure the flow rate of a liquid in an open channel using the float method.

Open Tank Pressure and Total Pressure Calculation

A tank is open to the atmosphere and is filled with water. The total (absolute) pressure at any dept

Oscillatory Flow in a U-Tube

A U-tube with a uniform cross-sectional area contains water (density = 1000 kg/m³) such that the tot

Pressure at an Interface of Two Fluids

A container holds two immiscible fluids. A layer of oil (density $$800\;kg/m^3$$, depth $$0.5\;m$$)

Pressure Distribution in a Multi-fluid Container

A container is divided by a removable partition into two sections. One section contains water (densi

Pressure Sensor Calibration in Fluid Storage Tanks

An engineer uses a pressure sensor at the bottom of a water storage tank to measure the fluid level.

Pressure Variation in a Swimming Pool

Consider a swimming pool with a uniform depth of 2.5 m filled with water (density $$\rho = 1000 \; k

Temperature Effects on Fluid Viscosity and Flow

In an experiment, the flow rate of a viscous fluid through a fixed nozzle is measured at various tem

The Siphon Effect and Limitations

A garden siphon is used to transfer water from one container to another that is placed at a lower el

Using a Pitot Tube to Measure Flow Velocity

A Pitot tube measures fluid velocity by converting the kinetic energy into a pressure difference bet

Adiabatic Process Analysis

In an adiabatic process, no heat is exchanged with the surroundings. (a) Define an adiabatic process

Adiabatic vs. Isothermal Process Comparison

A gas transitions between the same initial and final states via two different processes: an adiabati

Analysis of a Carnot Cycle

A Carnot engine operates between two thermal reservoirs with temperatures $$T_H$$ and $$T_C$$. A cyc

Analysis of Conduction, Convection, and Radiation in Heat Transfer Experiment

An experiment is designed to study different modes of heat transfer. In one part of the experiment,

Analysis of Heat Conduction Through Materials

A flat slab of material has a thickness of 0.05 m and an area of 1.0 m². The temperature difference

Analysis of Heat Transfer Mechanisms in Composite Walls

A composite wall consists of two layers of different materials. An experiment is conducted to measur

Analysis of Isothermal Process Cycle Using a P–V Diagram

Isothermal processes occur at constant temperature, and the work done can be determined from a P–V d

Analyzing Energy Conversion Efficiency in a Heat Engine

A novel power plant operates a heat engine that draws heat from a high-temperature source at $$850\;

Application of the First Law of Thermodynamics

A gas within a piston undergoes a quasi-static process in which 500 J of heat is added to the system

Chemical Reaction Calorimetry Experiment Error

A student carries out a calorimetry experiment to determine the heat released during an exothermic c

Comparative Analysis of Convection and Radiation Heating

A scientist conducts an experiment comparing two heating methods: convection and radiation. The tabl

Comparing Heat Transfer Mechanisms: Conduction vs Convection in Fluids

Heat can be transferred via conduction and convection in fluids. Design an experiment to isolate and

Comparing Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes in a P-V Diagram Experiment

An experiment uses a P-V diagram to compare isothermal and adiabatic processes. Two distinct paths a

Comparison of Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes

A gas transitions between the same initial and final states via two different paths: one is isotherm

Conduction Across Layered Materials

A claim is made that the rate of heat transfer through a composite wall can be accurately described

Convection Versus Conduction in Fluid Heating

In a laboratory experiment, two identical metal cylinders are heated on their sides. One cylinder co

Effect of Molar Mass on Gas Velocity

The relation $$v_{rms} = \sqrt{\frac{3 * k_{B} * T}{m}}$$ indicates that the molar mass of gas molec

Effects of Mole Number on Gas Pressure

In a series of experiments with a fixed-volume container at constant temperature, the number of mole

Entropy Change and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

During a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, the entropy change is described by the equ

Entropy Change in Thermodynamic Processes

Entropy is a measure of disorder within a system. (a) Define entropy in the context of thermodynamic

Entropy Changes in an Irreversible Process with Friction

Consider an ideal gas in a piston that is being compressed irreversibly. Due to friction in the pist

Entropy Changes in Thermodynamic Processes

A system undergoes an irreversible expansion followed by a reversible compression. Analyze and evalu

Force Exerted by Gas in a Cylindrical Container

A cylindrical container with a radius of 15 cm and height of 30 cm contains 0.6 moles of an ideal ga

Heat Conduction in a Metal Rod

A researcher studies heat transfer through a long, homogeneous metal rod that is heated at one end w

Heating a Gas: Conduction vs. Convection

Heat can be transferred via different mechanisms. In the context of a gas being heated, consider the

Ideal Gas Law Calibration Experiment Error

A student conducts an experiment to verify the Ideal Gas Law using a cylindrical container with a mo

Interpreting a Maxwell-Boltzmann Speed Distribution Graph

Analyze the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution graph provided and answer the following.

Irreversible Processes and Entropy Analysis

A claim is made that during an irreversible process in an isolated system, the total entropy always

Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes in Ideal Gases

An ideal gas undergoes an isothermal expansion from an initial volume $$V_1$$ to a final volume $$V_

Isothermal Expansion Experiment Error

A student performs an isothermal expansion experiment using a piston-cylinder apparatus immersed in

Isothermal Process and Work Calculation

For an ideal gas undergoing an isothermal process (constant temperature), the work done is given by

Isothermal vs. Adiabatic Processes

In a laboratory experiment, a gas is compressed in a piston under two different conditions: one proc

Kinetic Energy and Molecular Speeds

The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is given by $$K_{avg} = \frac{3}{2} k_B T$$. (a) Derive

Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Analysis

The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution provides a statistical description of the speeds of molecules in

Molecular Speed and Temperature

Consider an ideal gas composed of molecules each having mass m. The root‐mean‐square speed is given

Net Force on a Confined Gas Container Lid

A cylindrical container holds gas at an internal pressure of $$1.018 \times 10^5\,Pa$$, while the ex

Net Work in a Cyclic Thermodynamic Process

A cyclic thermodynamic process is depicted in a provided P–V diagram. Summarize the key characterist

Phase Diagrams and Critical Points

Phase diagrams provide insight into the states of a pure substance under various conditions. (a) Des

Pressure Changes in a Sealed Rigid Container

A sealed, rigid container (i.e., constant volume) contains an ideal gas. (a) Derive the relationsh

Radiative Heat Transfer Analysis

A researcher examines the radiative heat transfer between two parallel surfaces acting as black bodi

Radiative Heat Transfer Trend Analysis

An experiment measures the rate of radiative heat transfer from a heated object as a function of the

Real Gas Behavior vs. Ideal Gas Law: Experiment Design to Evaluate Deviations

While the ideal gas law (PV = nRT) works well for many gases, real gases deviate from this behavior

Real Gases and Deviations from Ideal Behavior

Although the Ideal Gas Law is a good approximation for many systems, real gases deviate from this be

Thermal Conductivity through Conduction

An experiment measures the rate of heat transfer through a material using the conduction formula $$\

Thermodynamic Cycle Experiment Error

A student attempts to simulate a Carnot cycle using a piston-cylinder apparatus by recording pressur

Analysis of an Electric Dipole Field

An electric dipole consists of two charges, \(+q\) and \(-q\), separated by a distance \(d\). (a) D

Capacitor: Potential Difference and Energy Storage

In this problem you will analyze a parallel-plate capacitor by calculating its potential difference

Charged Particle Acceleration in a Uniform Electric Field

A charged particle is accelerated in a uniform electric field. The following table gives its measure

Charging and Discharging of a Capacitor – Time Response Analysis

This problem examines the time-dependent behavior of a capacitor in an RC circuit and requires you t

Charging Methods and Redistribution of Charge

Two identical, initially neutral conducting spheres are brought into contact. Then, a positively cha

Complex Charge Arrangement: Net Electric Field Calculation

Consider a system of four point charges arranged at the vertices of a rectangle: q₁ = +3 μC at (0, 0

Coulomb’s Law in Different Media

A study investigates how the presence of various media affects the force between two point charges,

Deriving Capacitance from Physical Dimensions

A parallel-plate capacitor is constructed with a plate separation $$d$$ and plate area $$A$$ in vacu

Design of a Charging by Induction Experiment

Two initially neutral conducting spheres are to be charged by induction. Design an experiment to dem

Determining Coulomb's Constant Experiment

A researcher conducts an experiment to determine Coulomb's constant by suspending two small charged

Dielectric Effects on Capacitance Experiment

In a parallel-plate capacitor experiment, the capacitance is measured with and without the insertion

Dipole Field Analysis

An electric dipole is formed by two point charges, $$+Q$$ and $$-Q$$, where $$Q = 4.0 \times 10^{-9}

Electric Field due to a Point Charge in Different Media

Consider a point charge Q = 2.0 × 10⁻⁹ C placed in free space.

Electric Field Mapping Experiment

A researcher employs a scanning probe to measure the local electric field near a large, charged plat

Electric Field Mapping Using Discrete Data Points

A student conducts an experiment to measure the electric field around a set of point charges by firs

Electric Potential Dependence Experiment

An experiment is conducted to measure the electric potential at various distances from a fixed point

Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge

Given a point charge Q = 2×10⁻⁹ C, determine the electric potential at a point located 2 cm from the

Electric Potential Energy Conversion in a Charged Projectile Experiment

An experiment is conducted to analyze the conversion of electrical potential energy into kinetic ene

Electric Potential from Multiple Point Charges

Two fixed point charges, $$Q_1$$ and $$Q_2$$, are located at specified positions. A point A is locat

Electrostatic Shielding in a Conducting Sphere

A hollow metallic sphere carries a net charge on its surface, and a point charge is placed inside th

Energy Conversion in Point Charge Interaction

A fixed positive charge $$Q = +2.0 \times 10^{-6} \; C$$ creates an electric field in vacuum. A nega

Energy Density in a Uniform Electric Field

Energy stored in an electric field can be characterized by the energy density. This problem requires

Equipotential Surfaces for a Point Charge

A point charge Q = 3.0 × 10⁻⁹ C is located at the origin. The electric potential V at a distance r f

Fringing Effects in Capacitor Design Experiment

An experiment is designed to measure the variations in the electric field at the edges of a parallel

Inductive Charging Experiment of Spheres

In an experiment, two identical initially neutral conducting spheres are placed on an insulating sta

Influence of Charge Magnitude on Electric Potential

Design an experiment using a variable charge on a point charge source to measure the resulting elect

Invariance of Electric Charge

Electric charge is considered invariant under transformation between inertial frames. This question

Mapping Equipotential Surfaces in a Non-uniform Electric Field

In a region of space, the electric potential has been measured at various distances from a fixed cha

Methods of Charging: Friction, Conduction, and Induction

There are three primary methods for charging objects: by friction, conduction, and induction. (a) D

Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Electric Field

A small charged particle with charge q = 2.0×10^-6 C and mass m = 2.0×10^-3 kg is released from rest

Multiple Charge System: Net Force on a Central Charge

Consider three point charges aligned on a straight line. Let $$Q_1 = +5\;\mu C$$, $$Q_2 = -3\;\mu C$

Net Force in Linear Charge Arrangement

A researcher arranges three point charges along the x-axis as follows: $$q_1 = +2.0 \; nC$$ at $$x =

Potential Difference in a Non-Uniform Electric Field

Consider a region where the electric field varies with position according to $$E(x) = 5.0*10^{4} - 2

Quantisation of Electric Charge

In a modern reinterpretation of the Millikan oil drop experiment, oil drops are observed to remain s

Square Charge Configuration

A researcher sets up a square configuration in vacuum with four point charges placed at the corners

Superposition in Electric Field Measurement – Data Analysis

In an experiment, a pair of point charges (one positive and one negative, each of magnitude 1.0 × 10

Superposition of Forces in a Square Charge Configuration

Consider four equal positive point charges placed at the vertices of a square with each side measuri

Work and Energy in a Non-Uniform Electric Field

A point charge $$q$$ is released from rest at a distance $$r_A$$ from a fixed charge $$Q$$. As $$q$$

Analysis of a Simple Series Circuit

This FRQ examines a simple series circuit. Consider an ideal battery with an electromotive force (EM

Analysis of Non-Ohmic Behavior in Materials

Some materials do not obey Ohm’s Law under certain conditions, exhibiting non-ohmic behavior. Answer

Analyzing Ammeter and Voltmeter Measurements

A circuit is constructed with a battery and a resistor. An ammeter and a voltmeter are connected to

Analyzing Experimental Data on Capacitor Energy Storage

A claim is made that the energy stored in a capacitor is given by $$E = \frac{1}{2}CV^2$$. The study

Application of Kirchhoff’s Junction and Loop Rules

Consider a circuit where three branches intersect at a junction. Two branches carry currents $$I_1$$

Battery Discharge Rate through a Capacitor-Resistor Network

A student investigates the discharge curve of a capacitor in an RC circuit by recording the voltage

Battery Internal Resistance and Power Delivery

A battery modeled as an ideal EMF source of 12 V in series with an internal resistance of 2 Ω is con

Capacitor Combination Analysis

Two capacitors, one with $$10\,\mu F$$ and the other with $$20\,\mu F$$, are arranged in different c

Capacitor Energy Storage and Discharge Efficiency

A capacitor with a capacitance of 10 μF is charged to 12 V and then discharged through a load. The t

Circuit Analysis: Series and Parallel Resistors

In an experiment, a circuit is assembled using a battery with voltage $$V$$ and a network of resisto

Comparative Analysis of Capacitor Charging Profiles

Two RC circuits are set up using identical resistor and capacitor values: $$R = 3 \Omega$$ and $$C =

Critically Evaluating the Role of Wire Material in Circuit Performance

A claim has been made that using wires made of materials with low resistivity, such as copper, enhan

Current Flow Analysis in a Simple Battery Circuit

A researcher claims that a circuit composed of a 12 V battery and various resistors produces a conti

Deriving Equivalent Resistance for a Mixed Circuit

Consider a circuit comprised of four resistors arranged as follows: Resistors R₁ = 100 Ω and R₂ = 15

Designing an RC Circuit for a Target Time Constant

Design an RC circuit that achieves a time constant of $$0.5\,s$$. You are provided with capacitors r

Effect of Altering Capacitance on Circuit Response

Consider an RC circuit in two scenarios: one where the battery remains connected and one where the b

Effect of Capacitance Variation on Steady-State Voltage

A capacitor is initially charged to $$15 \text{ V}$$. Two scenarios are considered when its physical

Effect of Varying Resistivity

A wire of constant length and cross-sectional area is fabricated from different materials. This prob

Effects of Altering Capacitance in a Charged Capacitor Circuit

A capacitor is first charged in a circuit with a battery connected, and then the battery is disconne

Evaluating a Modified Ammeter Design for Improved Accuracy in Low-Current Measurements

A claim has been made that a newly designed ammeter with ultra-low internal resistance provides sign

Evaluating Circuit Design with Kirchhoff’s Laws

A complex circuit is constructed on a breadboard that includes a 20 V battery, three resistors, and

Graph Analysis: Charging Behavior in an RC Circuit

A graph is provided showing the voltage across a capacitor as a function of time while it charges in

Investigating the Effect of Capacitor Dielectric Constant on Capacitance

In a laboratory experiment, capacitors are built using different dielectric materials. The capacitan

Kirchhoff's Laws in a Multi-branch Circuit

An experimental circuit with multiple junctions is analyzed using Kirchhoff's laws. The table below

Measurement and Analysis of Conductivity in Different Materials

The electrical properties of materials can be compared by considering their conductivity (the invers

Modifying Resistor Values for Current Limiting in LED Circuits

An LED with a voltage drop of 2 V requires a current of 20 mA for optimal performance. It is powered

Power Dissipation Optimization in Resistor Networks

A laboratory experiment compares power dissipation in two resistor network configurations: one with

Resistor Network Analysis

Consider a circuit where a 4 Ω resistor is connected in series with a parallel combination of a 3 Ω

Series and Parallel Resistor Analysis

This question examines the behavior of resistors arranged in series and parallel in simple circuits.

Series-Parallel Circuit with Capacitors and Resistors

A complex circuit is built with both resistor and capacitor networks. In the resistor network, resis

AC Generator: Maximum Induced EMF Calculation

In a simple AC generator, a coil with 50 turns and an area of 0.2 m² rotates in a uniform magnetic f

Analysis and Improvement of a Textbook Magnetic Field Diagram

A textbook diagram intended to illustrate the magnetic field around a bar magnet is provided. The di

Assessing Iron Dust Experiments for Bar Magnets

A study uses iron dust to demonstrate that the magnetic field inside a bar magnet is continuous and

Assessing Magnetic Permeability Effects

This FRQ explores how the magnetic permeability of materials influences the magnetic field generated

Comparing Magnetic Field Mapping Techniques

Design an experiment to compare two techniques for mapping magnetic field lines: one using iron fili

Comparing Magnetic Forces on Charges and Wires

This FRQ compares the magnetic force on an individual moving charge to the force on a current-carryi

Critical Angle for Maximal Magnetic Force

A researcher investigates the dependence of the magnetic force on a charged particle with the equati

Deflection of Charged Particles in Crossed Fields

In an experiment, charged particles are passed through a region where perpendicular electric and mag

Designing a Faraday's Law Experiment for EMF Generation

A student designs an experiment where a coil rotates within a uniform magnetic field to induce an em

Energy Conversion in an Electromagnetic Generator

A simple electromagnetic generator consists of a rotating loop placed in a uniform magnetic field, r

Experimental Design for Faraday's Law Validation

You are tasked with designing an experiment to validate Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.

Experimental Investigation of Induced EMF in a Varying Magnetic Field

Analyze the induced emf in a coil subjected to a time-varying magnetic field, and discuss the impact

Experimental Verification of the Right-Hand Rule

Design an experiment to verify the right-hand rule by measuring the direction of the magnetic force

Exploring Eddy Currents and Energy Dissipation

Eddy currents are induced in conductors when exposed to changing magnetic fields, and they can lead

Faraday’s Law and Rotating Loop

A circular loop rotates in a uniform magnetic field, inducing an emf according to Faraday’s Law. Ana

Faraday's Law in Rotating Loop Experiment

An experiment is conducted in which a circular loop rotates at a constant angular speed in a uniform

Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field

A charged particle moves through a uniform magnetic field. Analyze the factors affecting the magnitu

Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field

A charged particle moves in a uniform magnetic field. Consider a scenario where the particle moves w

Hall Effect Sensor Calibration in Magnetic Field Experiment

Researchers are calibrating a Hall effect sensor to measure the magnitude of magnetic fields around

Induced EMF in a Rotating Loop

A circular loop rotates within a uniform magnetic field, causing the magnetic flux through the loop

Interaction Between Bar Magnets

Two bar magnets are placed facing each other with like poles (both North) at a separation of $$d = 0

Investigating Induced Current in a Loop with Changing Orientation

Design an experiment to investigate how changing the orientation of a loop relative to a magnetic fi

Investigating Magnetic Permeability in Materials

A researcher measures the magnetic properties of two materials by determining their relative permeab

Investigating the Impact of Magnetic Field Strength on Induced Current

This FRQ examines how changes in magnetic field strength affect the induced current in a circuit wit

Magnetic Field in a Solenoid Experiment

A solenoid is used in an experiment where its internal magnetic field is measured as the current thr

Magnetic Field Lines Visualization

In this FRQ, you will explore the physical basis and representation of magnetic fields around a bar

Magnetic Force Cancellation in a U-Shaped Wire

A U-shaped wire is immersed in a uniform magnetic field of $$0.5\;T$$. The report claims that by pas

Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor

A U-shaped wire is partially immersed in a uniform magnetic field. Parts of the wire experience diff

Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge

A charged particle moves through a uniform magnetic field. Use the relationship that the magnetic fo

Magnetic Levitation System Design

A researcher is tasked with designing a magnetic levitation system to suspend a small object. The go

Motional EMF Analysis

A researcher moves a conducting rod of length $$\ell = 0.5 m$$ through a uniform magnetic field of s

Motional EMF and Velocity

In an experiment, a conducting rod moves perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field at various speeds

Power and Energy Conversion in Motional EMF

A conducting rod of length $$L = 0.5 m$$ moves at a constant speed of $$v = 3 m/s$$ through a unifor

Solenoid and Uniform Magnetic Field

Investigate the magnetic field inside a solenoid and the assumption of its uniformity.

Temperature Effects on Magnetic Permeability in Materials

Researchers aim to study how temperature influences the relative magnetic permeability of ferromagne

Time-Dependent Induced EMF in a Rotating Loop

Design an experiment to investigate how the induced emf in a rotating loop varies over time, particu

Vector Analysis of Magnetic Force

A charged particle moves in a three-dimensional space under the influence of a magnetic field. The v

Advanced Thin Lens Systems in Compound Microscopes

A compound microscope uses two converging lenses: an objective lens with a focal length of $$f_o = 0

Brewster's Angle and Reflective Polarization

At the interface of air and glass, light can become polarized upon reflection.

Concave Mirror Image Analysis

An object of height $$h_o = 4 \ cm$$ is placed at a distance of $$d_o = 30 \ cm$$ in front of a conc

Concave Mirror Ray Diagram: Reflection Error Analysis

A student is asked to draw ray diagrams for a concave mirror experiment. The student accurately reco

Converging Lens and Image Formation

Converging lenses project real images through refraction. Analyze an optical scenario involving a co

Convex Mirror Image Analysis

An object is positioned 30 cm in front of a convex mirror with a focal length of -15 cm. Answer the

Convex Mirror Image Formation

An object of height $$5 \text{ cm}$$ is placed $$20 \text{ cm}$$ in front of a convex mirror with a

Critical Angle Determination for Various Media

A researcher is studying critical angles when light passes from glass (with $$n=1.5$$) into differen

Determining Index of Refraction Using Critical Angle Measurements

A student conducts an experiment to determine the index of refraction of a transparent material by m

Diffraction Gratings Analysis

A diffraction grating with 5000 lines per centimeter is used to analyze sodium light with wavelength

Diverging Lens Image Characteristics

An object with a height of $$11 \text{ cm}$$ is placed $$48 \text{ cm}$$ in front of a diverging len

Diverging Thin Lens Analysis

A researcher examines a diverging lens with a focal length of $$-20$$ cm. An object of height 8 cm i

Double Slit Interference Experiment: Measuring Green Light Wavelength

Design an experiment using a double slit apparatus to measure the wavelength of green light. Your de

Electromagnetic Spectrum Identification and Frequency Calculation

The electromagnetic spectrum covers a wide range of wavelengths and frequencies. Refer to the table

EM Wave Generation and Field Relationships

An oscillating charge produces electromagnetic waves, characterized by oscillating electric and magn

Frequency Determination of Green Light: Speed of Light Misassumption

A student attempts to calculate the frequency of green light by measuring its wavelength with a spec

Image Formation with a Concave Mirror

A student investigates image formation using a concave mirror. In the experiment, a concave mirror w

Image Formation with a Convex Mirror

An object 8 cm tall is placed 30 cm in front of a convex mirror with a focal length of -15 cm (using

Interference from Coherent Light Sources

Two coherent, monochromatic light sources produce an interference pattern on a distant screen. Answe

Lens Power Calculation

When an object is placed 10 cm from a converging lens, a real image is formed that is twice the heig

Light Refraction through Multiple Media Interfaces

Light may pass through several media in succession, undergoing refraction at each interface. Analyze

Multiple Interfaces: Sequential Refraction

A light ray passes through a system consisting of three media with refractive indices: air ($$n_1 =

Optical Fibers and Total Internal Reflection

Optical fibers use total internal reflection to transmit light signals with minimal loss. Consider a

Plane Mirror Image Formation

A person stands 2.0 m from a flat plane mirror. Answer the following:

Polarization and Brewster's Angle

When unpolarized light strikes a glass surface, the reflected light becomes partially polarized. Con

Radio Wave Wavelength Determination

A radio transmitter emits electromagnetic waves with a frequency of $$f = 100*10^{6} \ Hz$$.

Reflection and Refraction with Wavelength Effects

A beam of light travels from air ($$n_1 = 1.0$$) into a glass medium ($$n_2 = 1.5$$) at an incident

Single Slit Diffraction Analysis

In a single slit experiment, a diffraction pattern is recorded. A graph of intensity versus angle is

Snell's Law and Critical Angle: Measuring Refractive Indices

An experiment measured the critical angles for total internal reflection for two different media. Th

Spherical Mirrors: Convex Mirror Analysis

A convex mirror is used in an experiment, and the following data on object distance, image distance,

Thin Lens and Magnification Analysis

An object of height $$h_o = 6 \ cm$$ is placed at a distance of $$d_o = 20 \ cm$$ in front of a conv

Thin Lenses - Diverging Lens Analysis

An object of height 11 cm is placed 48 cm from a diverging lens with a focal length of -24.5 cm. (a

Thin Lenses: Diverging Lens Analysis

A diverging lens experiment produced the following measurements. Given an object placed 48 cm from a

Thin Lenses: Diverging Lens Analysis

An object of height 11 cm is placed 48 cm in front of a diverging lens with a focal length of $$-24.

Total Internal Reflection

When light travels from water ($$n = 1.33$$) to air ($$n = 1.0$$), total internal reflection can occ

Total Internal Reflection at Air-Water Interface

Light traveling within water (with an index of refraction $$n_{water} \approx 1.33$$) approaches the

Total Internal Reflection in Optical Fibers

A set of experiments investigates the conditions under which total internal reflection (TIR) occurs

Alpha Decay Analysis

A sample of a radioactive nuclide Y undergoes alpha decay according to the reaction: $$^{A}_{Z}Y \ri

Beta Decay and Neutrino Involvement

A researcher investigates beta minus decay, represented by the reaction $$ n \rightarrow p + e^{-} +

Calculating Nuclear Binding Energy

A researcher is investigating the stability of nuclei by calculating the nuclear binding energy per

Gamma Decay and Energy Emission

A researcher analyzes gamma decay in an excited nucleus. Answer the following:

Photoelectric Effect on Aluminum

A researcher studies the photoelectric effect on an aluminum surface by illuminating it with light o