AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based FRQ Room
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AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based Free Response Questions
The best way to get better at FRQs is practice. Browse through dozens of practice AP Physics 2: Algebra-Based FRQs to get ready for the big day.
Airflow and Lift over an Aerofoil
This problem explores how differences in air velocity over and under an airplane wing create lift, u
Airflow and Lift over an Airfoil
An experimental report claims that the difference in airspeed over the top and bottom surfaces of an
Analyzing Submerged Structures in Fluids
A marine structure is designed to float partially submerged in a lake. The structure has a total mas
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation in Fluid Flow
A researcher studies water flow through a pipe system that gradually narrows. Bernoulli’s equation,
Bernoulli's Equation with Incorrect Height Reference
A student constructs an experiment using a pipe system with both horizontal and vertical segments to
Bernoulli’s Principle and Air Flow Over an Airfoil
An airfoil (wing cross-section) diagram shows streamlines of air with different velocities above and
Bernoulli's Principle and Aircraft Lift
Air flows over the upper and lower surfaces of an airplane wing. In a certain section along the wing
Buoyancy and Floatation Analysis
A wooden block used in an experiment has a mass of 150 kg and a volume of 0.75 m³. It is placed in a
Buoyancy and Floating Objects
An object with a mass of 150 kg and a volume of 0.75 m³ is placed in a fluid with a density of 800 k
Buoyancy and Immersion Fraction
A homogeneous solid object has a mass of $$200$$ kg and a volume of $$1.0$$ m³. It is placed in two
Buoyancy Experiment: Verifying Archimedes' Principle
Design an experiment to measure the buoyant force on objects immersed in different fluids and thereb
Buoyant Stability and Metacentric Height in Floating Bodies
A floating vessel is designed with specific dimensions to ensure stability. A diagram of the vessel’
Characterizing Fluid Flow with Reynolds Number
A research group claims that in a pipe with a diameter of 0.1 m, water flowing at 1 m/s has a Reynol
Comparative Analysis: Density and Fluid Compressibility
This problem probes the conceptual differences between liquids and gases with respect to compressibi
Continuity Equation and Flow Rate Through a Pipe
Water flows through a horizontal pipe that changes diameter. At section 1, the pipe has a radius of
Density Determination and Fluid Identification
This problem focuses on calculating density and using that result to discuss buoyancy. Answer the fo
Density Determination Experiment
A student performs an experiment to determine the density of three different liquids by measuring sm
Density Determination from Experimental Data
In an experiment to measure the density of various liquids, a student recorded the following data:
Density Determination via Fluid Displacement
Design an experiment to measure the density of an irregularly shaped object using the method of flui
Density Measurement Using a Hydrometer
A hydrometer is an instrument that measures liquid density by floating at a level where the buoyant
Density Variation in Immiscible Fluids
An object is submerged partly in oil and partly in water. A table provides mass and volume data for
Designing a Wind Tunnel Experiment to Validate Bernoulli's Effect
A researcher is tasked with designing a wind tunnel experiment to validate Bernoulli’s effect on a s
Designing an Experiment to Validate the Continuity Equation
An engineering team aims to validate the continuity equation for an incompressible fluid flowing thr
Dynamic Pressure and Nozzle Flow
An industrial nozzle is designed to eject a high-speed jet of water. The inlet pressure is measured
Effect of Fluid Density on Buoyancy Force
An object with a fixed volume of $$0.1 \; m^3$$ is fully submerged in two different fluids. Answer t
Evaluation of Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow in Viscous Fluids
A research paper claims that water flowing in a pipe with a diameter of 5 cm at a velocity of 2 m/s
Experimental Analysis of Flow Speed Using Continuity Equation
In an experiment, water flows through a horizontal pipeline with varying cross-sectional areas. The
Floating Object Buoyancy
An object has a mass of 150 kg and occupies a volume of 0.75 m³. It is floating in ethyl alcohol wit
Flow Rate Analysis in Variable Cross-Section Pipes
A water flow experiment is conducted using a pipe with two sections of different diameters. The meas
Flow Rate in a Constricted Pipe
Consider a circular pipe carrying water. The pipe has a radius of 2 cm and the water flows at a spee
Flow Rate in a Constricted Pipe
This question applies the continuity equation to determine flow rates and velocities in a pipe with
Flow Speed Adjustments Due to Pipe Diameter Variations
A water pipeline experiences variations in diameter. The following table lists measurements for two
Fluid Acceleration in a Narrowing Tube: Misapplication of Energy Conservation
A student sets up an experiment to examine how water accelerates as it passes through a tube that na
Fluid Flow in Circular and Rectangular Channels
Two channels are used to transport water: Channel 1 is circular with a diameter $$d$$, and Channel 2
Fluid Flow Through Porous Media: Investigating Darcy's Law
Design an experiment to study the flow of a fluid through a porous medium (such as packed sand) and
Fluid Statics in Deep-sea Conditions
A submersible is designed to operate at extreme depths in the ocean. At a depth of $$4000 \cdot m$$
Graphical Analysis of Hydrostatic Pressure in a Water Tower
A water tower supplies water to a town, and the gauge pressure measured in the town varies with the
Impact of Fluid Density on Buoyancy Forces
A block of wood with a volume of 1.0 m³ and a density of 600 kg/m³ floats in freshwater (density 100
Investigating the Effects of Fluid Density on Buoyancy of a Hot Air Balloon
A small-scale hot air balloon model has a volume of $$50 \cdot m^3$$. During a test, the density of
Lab Analysis: Determining the Density of an Unknown Fluid Using a Jet of Water
In a laboratory experiment, a horizontal jet of water is directed into a shallow container filled wi
Manometer Pressure Measurements
An experiment uses a U-tube manometer filled with water to measure pressure differences in a fluid s
Measurement Uncertainty in Fluid Density
In a laboratory experiment, the density of an unknown fluid is measured using a pycnometer. The mass
Open Tank Pressure and Total Pressure Calculation
A tank is open to the atmosphere and is filled with water. The total (absolute) pressure at any dept
Oscillatory Flow in a U-Tube
A U-tube with a uniform cross-sectional area contains water (density = 1000 kg/m³) such that the tot
Pipeline Flow Optimization in a Water Treatment Facility
A water treatment facility operates a pipeline that has three sections with varying diameters. The f
Pitot Tube Velocity Measurement
A Pitot tube is used to determine the velocity of air. The difference between the stagnation pressur
Pressure Distribution in a Fluid at Rest
Consider a tank filled with a liquid of density $$\rho$$. The pressure at a given depth is described
Pressure Distribution on a Submerged Plate
A researcher is studying the pressure distribution on a vertical rectangular plate submerged in wate
Pressure in a Fluid with Depth-Dependent Density
In a non-uniform fluid, the density varies with depth according to $$\rho(y) = \rho_0 + \alpha y$$,
Siphon Action Analysis
A siphon is used to transfer water from a container. The highest point of the siphon tube is 2 m abo
Submerged Volume Determination Error in Buoyancy Experiment
A student designs an experiment to determine what fraction of an object's volume is submerged when i
Temperature Effects on Fluid Density and Pressure
A particular fluid has a density of 950 kg/m³ at 20°C and its density decreases by 0.2% for every 1°
Temperature Effects on Fluid Pressure
Changes in temperature can affect the density of a fluid, and therefore the hydrostatic pressure at
Time-Varying Fluid Flow Analysis
In an experiment, the volume flow rate of water through a horizontal pipe is found to vary with time
Viscosity Neglect in Pipeline Flow Rate Experiment
A student conducts an experiment to measure the volume flow rate of oil through a pipeline with sect
Water Rocket Thrust Analysis
A water rocket uses pressurized water expelled through a nozzle to generate thrust. A popular claim
Wind Tunnel Dynamic Pressure Measurement Error
A student performs an experiment in a wind tunnel to measure dynamic pressure using a pitot tube. Th
Adiabatic vs. Isothermal Transition Timing Experiment Error
A student designs an experiment to compare adiabatic and isothermal expansions of a gas by rapidly m
Analysis of a Composite Thermodynamic Cycle
A gas undergoes a composite cycle consisting of an isobaric expansion, an adiabatic compression, and
Analysis of a P-V Diagram for Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes
This question examines a P-V diagram that displays two distinct thermodynamic processes: one isother
Analysis of Thermodynamic Processes on a P–V Diagram
A researcher examines four thermodynamic processes (isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, and isochoric)
Average Kinetic Energy and RMS Velocity in Gases
Using the kinetic theory of gases, consider a sample of an ideal gas at T = 300 K. (a) Calculate the
Conduction Heat Transfer Analysis
A metal rod is used to conduct heat between two reservoirs. The rod has a thermal conductivity of $$
Conduction Heat Transfer: Experimental Design for Material Thermal Conductivity Measurements
Heat conduction through materials depends on their thermal conductivity. Design an experiment to mea
Designing a Convection Experiment
Develop an experimental proposal to investigate how fluid temperature affects the rate of convective
Determining Force Exerted by Gas on a Container Lid
A cylindrical container with the following measured parameters is used in an experiment: the radius
Determining Molecular Mass of a Gas via Ideal Gas Law Measurements: Experimental Design
The molecular mass of a gas can be determined by measuring its pressure, volume, temperature, and th
Determining Specific Heat Capacity Through Comparative Heating
In a laboratory experiment, a student heats 200 g of water and 200 g of an unknown liquid with the s
Effect of Molar Mass on Gas Velocity
The relation $$v_{rms} = \sqrt{\frac{3 * k_{B} * T}{m}}$$ indicates that the molar mass of gas molec
Effect of Molecular Mass on RMS Velocity
Examine how the molecular mass of a gas affects its root mean square velocity, given by the equation
Entropy and the Second Law
Consider a process where 200 J of heat is transferred from a reservoir at 500 K to a reservoir at 30
Entropy Change in a Heating Process
An ideal gas (1 mole) undergoes a reversible isobaric process in which its temperature increases fro
Entropy Changes in Thermodynamic Processes
A researcher examines a system that undergoes two processes: the system absorbs heat and then reject
First Law Application: Heat Input and Work Output
During an experiment, a system undergoes a process in which 600 J of heat is supplied and it perform
Heat Engine Efficiency and Energy Analysis
A heat engine operates in cycles, drawing heat from a high-temperature reservoir and rejecting part
Heat Engines and Maximum Efficiency
No heat engine can achieve 100% efficiency due to inherent energy losses. (a) Explain why complete c
Heat Transfer by Conduction in Building Insulation
A building wall is made of a material with thermal conductivity $$k = 0.04\;W/(m*K)$$. The wall has
Heat Transfer by Radiation
Unlike conduction and convection, heat transfer by radiation involves electromagnetic waves. (a) Wri
Heating a Gas: Conduction vs. Convection
Heat can be transferred via different mechanisms. In the context of a gas being heated, consider the
Ideal Gas Law Calibration Experiment Error
A student conducts an experiment to verify the Ideal Gas Law using a cylindrical container with a mo
Identifying Thermodynamic Processes
A series of experiments with a gas record measurements of pressure, volume, and temperature. The dat
Investigating Pressure-Temperature Relationship in a Closed Gas Container
In a constant-volume container, the pressure of a confined gas changes as the temperature varies. De
Investigation of Pressure in Confined Gases
A researcher conducts an experiment using a sealed, rigid container fitted with a pressure sensor to
Isothermal and Adiabatic Processes in Ideal Gases
An ideal gas undergoes an isothermal expansion from an initial volume $$V_1$$ to a final volume $$V_
Isothermal vs. Adiabatic Processes
In a laboratory experiment, a gas is compressed in a piston under two different conditions: one proc
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Analysis
The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution provides a statistical description of the speeds of molecules in
Phase Diagrams and Critical Points
Phase diagrams provide insight into the states of a pure substance under various conditions. (a) Des
Real Gas Behavior vs. Ideal Gas Law: Experiment Design to Evaluate Deviations
While the ideal gas law (PV = nRT) works well for many gases, real gases deviate from this behavior
Refrigeration Cycle and Coefficient of Performance
A refrigeration cycle removes heat from a cold reservoir using work. (a) Describe the basic steps of
Systematic Investigation of Root Mean Square Velocity
An experiment is set up to investigate the root mean square velocity ($$v_{rms}$$) of gas molecules
Thermodynamic Process Comparison: Isothermal vs Adiabatic
Consider an ideal gas undergoing two different expansion processes: an isothermal expansion and an a
Work Done Along Different Thermodynamic Paths
Consider a gas that changes state from a to b via two different paths. Path 1: An isobaric expansion
Analyzing Electric Field Variation Above a Charged Plate
An experiment measured the electric potential at various distances from a large, uniformly charged p
Application of Coulomb's Law
Coulomb’s Law states that the magnitude of the electric force between two point charges is given by
Balancing Forces in a Uniform Electric Field
In an experiment to study the balance between gravitational and electric forces, a charged object of
Charge Transfer and Work Calculation
Consider a system where two fixed charges create an electric potential difference between two points
Charged Object Equilibrium in a Uniform Electric Field
An experiment is set up to determine the amount of charge required on a small object so that the upw
Charged Particle Acceleration in a Uniform Electric Field
A charged particle is accelerated in a uniform electric field. The following table gives its measure
Charging by Induction: Conductors vs. Insulators
A negatively charged rod is brought near two separate initially neutral spheres: one made of metal (
Charging Methods and Redistribution of Charge
Two identical, initially neutral conducting spheres are brought into contact. Then, a positively cha
Dielectric Effects on Capacitor Behavior
A parallel-plate capacitor initially has a vacuum between its plates and is charged to a voltage V₀.
Dipole Electric Field Analysis
Consider an electric dipole formed by two point charges of equal magnitude $$|Q| = 4.0 \times 10^{-9
Dipole Electric Field Analysis
This question examines the calculation and analysis of the electric field created by an electric dip
Electric Dipole Torque in a Uniform Field
An electric dipole with dipole moment $$p = 3.0 \times 10^{-29}\,C\cdot m$$ is placed in a uniform e
Electric Field due to a Point Charge in Different Media
Consider a point charge Q = 2.0 × 10⁻⁹ C placed in free space.
Electric Field from Multiple Point Charges
This question involves computing the net electric field at a specific point due to three point charg
Electric Field Lines and Equipotential Mapping Misinterpretation
In a laboratory experiment, a student is tasked with mapping electric field lines and equipotential
Electric Field Mapping and Equipotential Surfaces
In an experiment, equipotential maps are generated for a charge configuration. These maps illustrate
Electric Field Mapping Experiment
A researcher employs a scanning probe to measure the local electric field near a large, charged plat
Electric Field Mapping in a Non-Uniform Field
A point charge is fixed on an insulating board. A voltage probe is used to measure the electric pote
Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge
Given a point charge Q = 2×10⁻⁹ C, determine the electric potential at a point located 2 cm from the
Electric Potential from Multiple Point Charges
Two fixed point charges are placed along the x-axis: $$q_1 = +3.0 \times 10^{-6}\,C$$ at $$x = 0\,m$
Energy Conversion in Point Charge Interaction
A fixed positive charge $$Q = +2.0 \times 10^{-6} \; C$$ creates an electric field in vacuum. A nega
Energy Storage in a Capacitor with a Dielectric
Consider a parallel-plate capacitor with vacuum between its plates given by the capacitance formula
Energy Stored in a Capacitor
A capacitor with a capacitance of 10 nF is charged to a potential difference of 500 V.
Energy Stored in a Capacitor: Discharge Process Oversight
An experiment is conducted to measure the energy stored in a charged capacitor. The capacitor is cha
Equilibrium of an Object in a Uniform Electric Field
An object of mass 5 g is suspended in a uniform electric field of $$1.0*10^{6}$$ N/C such that the u
Equipotential Curves for an Electric Dipole
An electric dipole consists of two equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance. (a) S
Force on Test Charge in a Uniform Electric Field
A test charge of $$+3.0*10^{-9}$$ C is placed in a uniform electric field of magnitude 400 N/C that
Fringing Fields in Parallel-Plate Capacitors
In a real parallel-plate capacitor, the electric field near the edges deviates from the ideal unifor
Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Electric Field
A small charged particle with charge q = 2.0×10^-6 C and mass m = 2.0×10^-3 kg is released from rest
Multiple Charge System: Net Force on a Central Charge
Consider three point charges aligned on a straight line. Let $$Q_1 = +5\;\mu C$$, $$Q_2 = -3\;\mu C$
Parallel-Plate Capacitor Design
A researcher aims to design a parallel-plate capacitor in vacuum. The desired capacitance is $$15 \;
Proton–Electron Force Comparison in a Hydrogen Atom
In a hydrogen atom the proton and electron are separated by a Bohr radius of 0.5×10^-10 m. Given tha
RC Discharge of a Capacitor
A capacitor charged to an initial potential of 100 V is connected in series with a resistor, forming
Superposition of Electric Fields Experiment
Four identical positively charged spheres are fixed at the vertices of a square, and a negatively ch
Surface Charge Density and Electric Field Experiment
In an experiment, several large plates are charged to different surface charge densities, $$\sigma$$
Uniform Electric Field Balance Experiment
A large, positively charged horizontal plate produces a uniform electric field of magnitude $$E = 1.
Verification of Charge Quantization
A researcher performs an oil drop experiment to verify the quantization of electric charge. The meas
Work Done in a Uniform Electric Field
A positive charge $$q$$ is moved through a distance $$d$$ in a uniform electric field $$E$$. Analyze
Work in a Non-Uniform Electric Field
A researcher moves a charge in the non-uniform electric field generated by a fixed point charge. The
Work in a Radial Non-Uniform Electric Field
A positive test charge q is moved radially inward from a distance r₁ to a closer distance r₂ from a
Analysis of Ammeter and Voltmeter Placement
This question addresses the proper usage of ammeters and voltmeters in a circuit for accurate measur
Analysis of Variable Resistance in a Circuit
A circuit is set up with a rheostat (variable resistor) controlling the current through a motor powe
Analyzing Power Dissipation in a Resistor Network
Consider a resistor network connected to a $$12~V$$ battery.
Analyzing Series RC Circuit Transient Behavior
A series RC circuit is set up with a resistor and a capacitor connected to a 12 V battery. Initially
Battery Internal Resistance Analysis
A battery with an ideal electromotive force (EMF) of $$12\,V$$ has an internal resistance of $$1\,\O
Battery Internal Resistance and Power Delivery
A battery modeled as an ideal EMF source of 12 V in series with an internal resistance of 2 Ω is con
Battery Internal Resistance and Terminal Voltage Analysis
A battery can be modeled as an ideal electromotive force (EMF) in series with an internal resistance
Capacitor Discharging Analysis
A fully charged 12 V capacitor in an RC circuit is allowed to discharge through a resistor. The volt
Charging Behavior of an RC Circuit
A capacitor with capacitance $$C = 5 \text{ F}$$ is charged through a resistor of $$R = 3 \Omega$$ b
Comparative Analysis of Capacitor Charging Profiles
Two RC circuits are set up using identical resistor and capacitor values: $$R = 3 \Omega$$ and $$C =
Critical Analysis of a Circuit Simulation Software's Accuracy in Predicting Voltage Drops
A team of researchers claims that their circuit simulation software can accurately predict voltage d
Critically Evaluating the Role of Wire Material in Circuit Performance
A claim has been made that using wires made of materials with low resistivity, such as copper, enhan
Design and Analysis of a Flash Circuit for a Camera
A camera flash circuit uses a capacitor with capacitance $$C = 100\,\mu F$$, charged by a 300 V batt
Designing a Circuit for a Specific Equivalent Resistance
You are provided with resistors of values 50 Ω, 100 Ω, 200 Ω, and 400 Ω. Your task is to design a ci
Designing a Circuit for Energy Efficiency Testing
A recent study claims that by reconfiguring a circuit, the overall power loss in resistors can be mi
Determining Resistivity of Various Materials
Resistance (R) and resistivity (\(\rho\)) are related by the expression $$R = \rho*\frac{l}{A}$$. Yo
Effect of Adding a Parallel Resistor in a Series Circuit
Consider a circuit consisting of a 9 V battery connected in series with a 12 Ω resistor. A 24 Ω resi
Effects of Altering Capacitance on a Charged Capacitor
A capacitor with an initial capacitance of $$10\,\mu F$$ is charged to $$12\,V$$ by a battery, and t
Energy Storage and Power Dissipation in Capacitors
A capacitor with a capacitance of 50 μF is charged to a voltage of 10 V. Answer the following:
Equivalent Capacitance of Mixed Capacitor Networks
Three capacitors are connected in a network. Capacitor $$C_1 = 4\,\mu F$$ is connected in series wit
Evaluation of Circuit Performance with a Faulty Capacitor (Capacitor Failure Analysis)
A capacitor in an RC circuit, which is expected to be 47 μF, is suspected of being faulty due to lea
Experiment to Determine Battery Internal Resistance
Batteries can be modeled as an ideal electromotive force (EMF) in series with an internal resistance
Experimental Verification of Ohm’s Law
In a controlled laboratory experiment, students are required to verify Ohm's Law by constructing a b
Exploring the Influence of Circuit Component Placement on Measured Values
In an experiment to study circuit behavior, a student assembles various configurations using the sam
Heat Generation and Power Dissipation in Resistors
A circuit experiment provides measurements of voltage and current for different resistors. Use the d
Impact of Temperature on Resistor Performance
A researcher investigates how the resistance of a metallic resistor changes as the temperature is in
Investigating Battery Life: Internal Resistance and Power Loss
A researcher is studying how the increasing internal resistance of a battery affects its performance
Investigating Charge Leakage Effects in Capacitor Charging Experiment
A student studies the charging curve of a capacitor in an RC circuit by recording the voltage over t
Investigation of Non-Ohmic Behavior
A filament lamp exhibits non-ohmic behavior. The following graph shows its voltage versus current re
Kirchhoff's Laws in a Multi-branch Circuit
An experimental circuit with multiple junctions is analyzed using Kirchhoff's laws. The table below
Maximum Power Transfer in a Circuit with Internal Resistance
A battery with an EMF of 9 V and an internal resistance of $$1\;\Omega$$ is connected to an external
Non-Ohmic Behavior in Real-World Devices
Some devices, such as filament bulbs or semiconductors, exhibit non-ohmic behavior, meaning their V-
Ohm's Law and Circuit Analysis
This question focuses on applying Ohm's Law to analyze simple circuits and to interpret experimental
Power Dissipation in Resistor Circuits
A resistor circuit is tested under various load conditions. The table below provides the measured vo
Power Dissipation Optimization in Resistor Networks
A laboratory experiment compares power dissipation in two resistor network configurations: one with
RC Circuit Analysis with Switch Operations
In an RC circuit with a switch, experimental measurements indicate that immediately after closing th
Resistor Networks and Equivalent Resistance
A circuit contains three resistors arranged in a mixed series-parallel configuration. Resistors R1 =
Resistor Power Dissipation and Safety
A resistor with a resistance of $$50\,\Omega$$ is connected to a $$24\,V$$ battery. Answer the follo
Validating Ohm's Law with a Non-Ohmic Conductor
A student attempts to validate Ohm's law by plotting the voltage-current (V–I) relationship for a fi
AC Generator: Maximum Induced EMF Calculation
In a simple AC generator, a coil with 50 turns and an area of 0.2 m² rotates in a uniform magnetic f
Analysis of Magnetic Torque on a Current Loop
A rectangular loop carrying a current $$I = 2.0$$ A is placed in a uniform magnetic field of strengt
Angular Dependence of Magnetic Force
A series of experiments measures the magnetic force on a charged particle moving in a constant magne
Application of the Right-Hand Rule in 3D
The direction of the magnetic force on a moving charge is determined using the right-hand rule. Answ
Assessing Magnetic Field Strength Using Iron Filings
An experiment uses iron filings spread over a sheet of paper placed atop a bar magnet to visualize t
Calculating the Magnetic Field Around a Current-Carrying Wire
A long, straight wire carrying a steady current produces a magnetic field in the space around it. Us
Changing Magnetic Flux Through a Circuit
Magnetic flux through a loop can be altered by changes in the loop’s area, the strength of the magne
Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
A positively charged particle with charge $$q = 2.0 * 10^{-6}$$ C enters a region with a uniform mag
Circular Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field
A particle with charge $$q = 0.1 C$$ and mass $$m = 0.02 kg$$ enters a uniform magnetic field $$B =
Combined Effects of Electric and Magnetic Forces on a Moving Charge
A charged particle moves in a region with both uniform electric and magnetic fields. Analyze the mag
Comparative Analysis of Induced Currents
A physics laboratory is set up to compare three different methods of inducing a current in a wire lo
Data Analysis: Current vs. Magnetic Field Strength in a Solenoid
Analyze experimental data relating the current through a solenoid to the resulting magnetic field in
Dependence of Induced EMF on Rotation Rate
A circular loop rotates continuously in a uniform magnetic field, thereby inducing an emf that varie
Design of a Magnetic Braking System
Design a magnetic braking system for a roller coaster that uses the principles of electromagnetic in
Effect of Magnetic Permeability on Solenoid Magnetic Field
A long solenoid with $$n = 500\; turns/m$$ carries a current of $$I = 2 \; A$$. With an air core, th
Energy Conversion in an Electromagnetic Generator
A simple electromagnetic generator consists of a rotating loop placed in a uniform magnetic field, r
Evaluating the Magnetic Field of a Current-Carrying Wire
An experiment is conducted to measure the magnetic field strength around a long, straight current-ca
Experimental Investigation of Lenz's Law
A researcher sets up an experiment where the area of a coil is rapidly decreased while the coil is p
Experimental Verification of the Right-Hand Rule
Design an experiment to verify the right-hand rule by measuring the direction of the magnetic force
Exploring Motional EMF in a Moving Conductor
Design an experiment to measure the motional emf generated when a conductor moves through a uniform
Faraday’s Law and the Rotating Loop
A circular loop of radius 0.05 m rotates in a uniform magnetic field of 0.3 T. The loop rotates with
Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field
A charged particle moves in a uniform magnetic field. Consider a scenario where the particle moves w
Impact of Magnetic Field Orientation on Faraday Induction
A square loop with area $$A = 0.1$$ m² rotates in a uniform magnetic field of $$B = 0.5$$ T. Answer
Induced EMF in a Rotating Loop
A circular loop rotates within a uniform magnetic field, causing the magnetic flux through the loop
Investigating Magnetic Braking in a Rotating Disc
In this experiment, students study magnetic braking by rotating a metallic disc in the vicinity of a
Investigating Magnetic Permeability in Materials
A researcher measures the magnetic properties of two materials by determining their relative permeab
Lenz’s Law and Induced Current Direction
In an experiment, a coil is subjected to a changing magnetic flux by moving a magnet toward and then
Magnetic Dipoles: Bar Magnet and Current Loop
A researcher compares the magnetic field produced by a permanent bar magnet with that produced by a
Magnetic Field Diagram Analysis
Examine the provided diagram of a bar magnet's magnetic field. The diagram shows a bar magnet labele
Magnetic Field Visualization
This FRQ explores the nature of magnetic fields and how magnetic field lines are used to represent t
Magnetic Field Visualization and Field Lines
This FRQ addresses mapping magnetic fields using iron filings and interpreting the patterns observed
Magnetic Field vs. Distance Experiment
A researcher measures the magnetic field strength around a long, straight current-carrying wire at v
Magnetic Flux Change in a Sliding Rod Circuit
A rectangular circuit has one side that is a conducting rod sliding in a uniform magnetic field. Ana
Magnetic Force Cancellation in a U-Shaped Wire
A U-shaped wire is immersed in a uniform magnetic field of $$0.5\;T$$. The report claims that by pas
Magnetic Materials and Field Distribution
A researcher compares soft iron and hard steel as core materials in electromagnets. The magnetic per
Magnetic Permeability and Field Strength
An experiment investigates how different materials affect the apparent magnetic field strength when
Mapping Magnetic Fields around a Bar Magnet
A researcher is studying the magnetic field of a standard bar magnet in a controlled laboratory sett
Measurement of Lorentz Force on a Moving Conductor
A laboratory experiment is set up to measure the Lorentz force acting on a copper bar that slides al
Measuring Magnetic Permeability via Compass Deflection
An experiment attempts to determine the magnetic permeability of a material by measuring the deflect
Measuring the Earth's Magnetic Field
Design an experiment to measure the magnitude and direction of the Earth's magnetic field using a si
Motional EMF in a Conducting Rod
A conducting rod of length $$l = 0.2$$ m moves at a constant speed $$v = 3.0$$ m/s through a uniform
Temperature Effects on Magnetic Permeability in Materials
Researchers aim to study how temperature influences the relative magnetic permeability of ferromagne
Time-Dependent Induced EMF in a Rotating Loop
Design an experiment to investigate how the induced emf in a rotating loop varies over time, particu
Time-Varying Magnetic Flux in a Rotating Loop
This FRQ explores the time dependency of magnetic flux in a rotating loop and the resulting induced
Trajectory of a Proton Near a Current-Carrying Wire
A proton moving at a speed of $$2 \times 10^5 \;m/s$$ passes at a distance of 4 cm from a long, stra
Uniform Field of a Solenoid
A researcher studies the magnetic field produced by a solenoid. Measurements of the magnetic field a
Vector Analysis of Magnetic Force
A charged particle moves in a three-dimensional space under the influence of a magnetic field. The v
Zero Net Force in U-Shaped Wire Experiment
In a controlled experiment, a U-shaped wire with three segments is partially immersed in a magnetic
Brewster's Angle and Reflective Polarization
At the interface of air and glass, light can become polarized upon reflection.
Comprehensive Analysis of Optical Imaging Systems
Design an experiment that integrates lenses and mirrors to project an image onto a screen. This comp
Converging Thin Lens Image Formation
A researcher sets up a converging lens with a focal length of $$15$$ cm to project an image. An obje
Convex Mirror Image Formation
An object of height $$h_o = 5 \ cm$$ is placed at a distance of $$d_o = 25 \ cm$$ in front of a conv
Diffraction Grating Wavelength Measurement
A student uses a diffraction grating with 5000 lines per centimeter to measure the wavelength of an
Diffraction Gratings and Spectral Analysis
A diffraction grating is used to analyze the spectral composition of a light source. A graph showing
Diverging Lens: Sign Convention Error Analysis
In an experiment using a diverging lens, a student measures object distance, image distance, and ima
Electromagnetic Spectrum and Frequency
Green light has a wavelength of 550 nm. Answer the following: (a) Calculate its frequency using $$v
Electromagnetic Wave Oscillation Diagram Analysis
Using the provided diagram showing oscillating electric (E) and magnetic (B) fields of an electromag
Electromagnetic Wave Properties and Polarization
An electromagnetic wave is produced by an oscillating charge in free space. Consider a green light w
Experimental Design: Evaluating Light Behavior in Combined Mirror-Lens Systems
An optical system combines a concave mirror and a converging lens to form an image. The following ta
Image Formation by Convex Mirrors
A convex mirror has a focal length of $$20\,cm$$. An object is placed $$30\,cm$$ in front of the mir
Image Formation with a Concave Mirror
A student investigates image formation using a concave mirror. In the experiment, a concave mirror w
Interference from Coherent Light Sources
Two coherent, monochromatic light sources produce an interference pattern on a distant screen. Answe
Interference from Multiple Sources
Three coherent light sources, each emitting light of wavelength $$\lambda = 650 * 10^{-9}$$ m, are a
Interference in Multiple-Slit Systems
An experiment compares the interference patterns produced by a double-slit setup and a triple-slit s
Interference with Variable Slit Separation: Observing the Changes in Fringe Spacing
Design an experiment to investigate how varying the separation between slits in a double slit appara
Optical Data Analysis from Spherical Mirror Measurements
An experiment is conducted where an object is placed at various distances from a concave mirror, and
Oscillating Charges and the Generation of EM Waves
An oscillating charge is a fundamental source of electromagnetic radiation. This problem involves ex
Polarization and Electromagnetic Wave Behavior
In an experiment testing polarization, a polarizer is rotated and the transmitted light intensity is
Radiation Pressure and Electromagnetic Waves
An experiment measures the force exerted on a surface by electromagnetic radiation at various light
Reflection and Refraction: Application of Snell’s Law
This question examines the application of Snell's law to a light beam incident on a glass surface an
Single Slit Diffraction Analysis
In this question, you will derive the condition for minima in a single slit diffraction pattern and
Single Slit Diffraction Patterns
A monochromatic light of wavelength $$λ = 600*10^{-9} \ m$$ is incident upon a single slit with a wi
Single-Slit Diffraction: Experimental Error Analysis
In an experiment aimed at studying single-slit diffraction, a student sets up a coherent light sourc
Thin Lens Focal Length Determination: Measurement Reference Error Analysis
A student conducts an experiment using a converging thin lens to project an image of an object onto
Thin Lenses: Converging Lens Analysis
In an experiment involving a converging lens, measurements were taken for various object distances.
Total Internal Reflection and Critical Angle
Consider a beam of light traveling within water (with index of refraction $$n_{water} = 1.33$$) that
Wave Interference in a Medium: Misapplication of Light Formulas
A student uses a ripple tank to simulate interference patterns similar to those observed with light
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