Power, Pragmatism, and Global Empire: Unit 7 Review

Realpolitik

A system of politics based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.

National Interest

The pursuit of a nation's goals and objectives above all else.

Diplomacy

The art of negotiating and managing international relations.

Count Camillo di Cavour

Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia who sought to unify Northern Italy through Realpolitik.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Leader of the Red Shirts who conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and yielded his conquests for unity.

Giuseppe Mazzini

The idealistic writer and nationalist who inspired the desire for Italian unification.

Victor Emmanuel II

Declared King of Italy in 1861, marking the culmination of Italian unification.

Prussia

A dominant German state that played a key role in German unification under Otto von Bismarck.

Otto von Bismarck

The Iron Chancellor who used warfare and Realpolitik to unify Germany.

Blood and Iron

Bismarck's strategy emphasizing military power and practical politics.

Danish War

The conflict in 1864 in which Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark.

Austro-Prussian War

The war in 1866 where Prussia decisively defeated Austria, leading to Austrian expulsion from German affairs.

Franco-Prussian War

The conflict from 1870-1871 instigated by Bismarck to unite German states against France.

Berlin Conference

A meeting in 1884-1885 that established rules for the colonization of Africa.

Effective Occupation

The principle that a nation could only claim territory if it effectively controlled it militarily.

Social Darwinism

The misapplication of Darwin's theory to justify the supremacy of certain races over others.

The White Man's Burden

The belief that Europeans had a moral obligation to 'civilize' non-Europeans.

Machine Guns

Technological advancement that gave European forces overwhelming firepower in imperial conquests.

Quinine

A medication that enabled Europeans to survive malaria, facilitating exploration in Africa.

British Raj

The direct British rule over India established following the Sepoy Mutiny in 1857.

Sepoy Mutiny

A rebellion in 1857 against British rule in India triggered by cultural insensitivity.

Spheres of Influence

Regions in China where European powers had exclusive trading rights, rather than full colonization.

Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreign uprising in China in 1900 that was suppressed by a multinational coalition.

Meiji Restoration

The period in Japan when rapid modernization occurred to avoid colonization.

HIPP

A framework for analyzing documents related to imperialism: Historical Context, Intended Audience, Purpose, Point of View.

Scramble for Africa

The rapid set of European conquests of African territory starting in the late 19th century.

Iron Chancellor

A title referring to Otto von Bismarck, emphasizing his strong and pragmatic control over German unification.

The Ems Dispatch

A manipulated telegram used by Bismarck to provoke France into declaring war.

Economic Motivations of New Imperialism

The need for raw materials and markets due to the Second Industrial Revolution.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or establishing political and economic dominance.