Chapter 14 - Periodic Patterns in the Main-Group Elements

Atomic size

Atomic size

________ typically reduces when nuclear charge increases and electrons are added to orbitals of the same energy level (same n value), but initial ionization energy and electronegativity often rise (see bar graphs)

CH4

Many covalent hydrides are formed when hydrogen interacts with nonmetals, including ________, PH3, H2S, and HCl.

7A

Hydrogen, like the elements of Group ________ (17), exists as diatomic molecules and fills its outer level either via electron sharing or by acquiring one electron from metal to create a 1 ion (hydride, H)

Metals

________ reduce strength, whereas nonmetals improve strength.

H−

In water, ________ is a strong base that pulls H+ from surrounding H2O molecules to form H2 and OH−:

covalent hydrides

The conditions for producing ________ are determined by the reactivity of the other nonmetal.

monatomic halide ions

While ________ (X) are abundant and stable, H is uncommon and reactive.

hydride ion

The ________ is also a powerful reducing agent; for example, it reduces Ti (IV) to the free metal:

alkali metals

Unlike ________, however, hydrogen shares its single valence electron with nonmetals rather than transferring it to them.

hydrogen atom

A(n) ________ is made up of a single positive- charged nucleus surrounded by a single electron.

individual molecules

The bonding between an element's atoms evolve from metallic to covalent in networks, covalent in ________, and none (noble gases exist as separate atoms)

Hydrogen

________ may be the most significant element of all because of its simple structure.