APUSH Unit 1: The Contact Period & Columbian Exchange
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26 Terms
The Three Gs
Gold, Glory, and God - the motivations for European exploration.
Gold
Wealth accumulation and the economic theory of Mercantilism.
Glory
Political power and status among emerging nation-states competing for dominance.
God
Religious zeal to convert Indigenous populations to Christianity.
Caravel
A Portuguese ship design that used triangular sails for better sailing against the wind.
Astrolabe
An instrument used to calculate latitude by measuring the position of stars.
Sextant
An advanced instrument used for navigation to determine latitude and longitude.
Joint-Stock Companies
A business organization where investors pooled capital to fund exploration.
The Columbian Exchange
The transfer of plants, animals, culture, humans, diseases, technology, and ideas between the Americas and Europe/Africa.
Demographic Collapse
The dramatic decline of Native American populations due to European diseases.
Smallpox
A devastating disease that contributed to the decline of Native populations.
The Great Dying
The catastrophic decline of Native populations due to disease.
Encomienda System
A labor system that granted Spanish colonists 'protection' over Native Americans for forced labor.
Asiento System
A system requiring a tax on each enslaved person imported from West Africa.
Casta System
A rigid racial hierarchy established in Spanish colonies to maintain social order.
Peninsulares
Spaniards born in Spain; they held the highest government positions in colonial societies.
Creoles (Criollos)
Spaniards born in the Americas.
Mestizos
People of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.
Mulattos
People of mixed Spanish and African ancestry.
The Valladolid Debate
The first moral debate in European history about the rights of colonized peoples.
Bartolomé de las Casas
A Dominican friar who advocated for the rights of Native Americans and criticized the Encomienda system.
Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda
A Spanish scholar who argued that Natives were 'natural slaves' and benefited from European civilization.
New Laws of 1542
Laws that attempted to end the Encomienda system, though enforcement was poor.
Feudalism
A social and economic system in Europe prior to the rise of Capitalism.
Capitalism
An economic system characterized by private ownership and the investment of resources for profit.
Mercantilism
An economic theory that emphasizes the role of government in managing trade and accumulating wealth.
