Demography and Movement: Unit 2 Master Notes

Demography

The statistical study of human populations and their characteristics.

Ecumene

The habitable land where people prefer to live.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land.

Agricultural Density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size that the environment can sustain indefinitely.

Overpopulation

Occurs when the population exceeds the carrying capacity of the environment.

Population Pyramid

A graphical representation of the age and sex distribution of a population.

Dependency Ratio

The ratio of people too young or too old to work to the working-age population.

Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in a population.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Total live births in a year for every 1,000 people.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Total deaths in a year for every 1,000 people.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.

Replacement Level Fertility

A TFR of 2.1 is needed to keep a population stable.

Rate of Natural Increase (NIR)

The percentage by which a population grows in a year, excluding migration.

Doubling Time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming constant natural increase.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Model explaining how populations transition from high birth/death rates to low rates as they develop.

Malthusian Theory

The prediction that population grows exponentially while food supply grows arithmetically.

Neo-Malthusians

Modern supporters who argue Malthus's ideas are relevant today for all resources.

Pro-natalist Policies

Government policies that encourage births.

Anti-natalist Policies

Government policies that discourage births.

Migration

The permanent or semi-permanent relocation of people.

Transnational Migration

Migration that crosses country borders.

Internal Migration

Migration that occurs within a country.

Push Factors

Negative conditions that induce people to move out of a location.

Pull Factors

Positive conditions that attract people to move in to a location.

Distance Decay

The principle that migrants tend to move only short distances.

Gravity Model

Model indicating that long-distance migrants usually head for major economic hubs.

Brain Drain

The emigration of highly educated and skilled individuals from LDCs to MDCs.

Remittances

Money sent back home by migrants, contributing to the economy of LDCs.

Refugee

A person forced to migrate internationally due to conflict or persecution.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

A person forced to migrate within their own country.

Asylum Seeker

Someone who migrates to another country seeking recognition as a refugee.

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

Model that correlates with the DTM, focusing on causes of death.

High Stationary Stage

Stage 1 of the DTM characterized by high birth and death rates.

Early Expanding Stage

Stage 2 of the DTM with high birth rates and declining death rates.

Late Expanding Stage

Stage 3 of the DTM where birth rates decline and death rates remain low.

Low Stationary Stage

Stage 4 of the DTM with low birth and low death rates.

Declining Stage

Stage 5 of the DTM marked by very low birth rates and rising death rates.

Malthusian Catastrophe

The crisis point where population exceeds food resources, leading to famine.

Esther Boserup

Critic of Malthus who argued that population growth drives agricultural innovation.

Cultural Factors

Societal influences that can compel individuals to migrate.

Economic Opportunity

The availability of jobs and income that draws people to migrate.

Slavery

A social condition in which individuals are owned and forced to work.

Desertification

The process by which fertile land becomes desert, often as a result of drought.

War and Persecution

Forces that push people out of their home regions.

Childbearing Years

The age range of women (15-49) during which they typically have children.

Pestilence and Famine

Causes of death in the early stages of the Epidemiological Transition Model.

Given Fertility Rates

Factors influencing birth rates, including government policies and women’s education.

Job Opportunities

Availability of employment that can contribute to pull migration.

Natural Resources

Essential elements like food and water that impact carrying capacity.

Economic Hubs

Major cities or regions with significant economic activity.