Chapter 20 - Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy, and Reaction Direction

spontaneous change

A(n) ________ in a system happens when certain criteria are met and there is no continual input of energy from outside the system.

salt

When a(n) ________ is dissolved, it converts a crystalline solid and a pure liquid into distinctions.

chemical processes

In ________, fewer moles of crystalline solids create more moles of gases and /or solvated ions, increasing particle freedom of motion and dispersing the energy of motion: A change in the freedom of mobility of particles in a system, that is, the dispersal of their energy of motion is a critical element in determining the direction of a spontaneous event in thermodynamic terms.

phase transitions

The ________ transform a solid, in which motion is constrained, into a liquid, in which particles have more freedom to move around each other, and finally into a gas, in which particles have considerably greater freedom of motion.

nonspontaneous event

A(n) ________, on the other hand, Change happens only if the environment provides the system with input on a continual basis.

entropy

The ________ of a system with more microstates (bigger W) is greater (higher S)

kinetic energy

The number of microstates for a system is the number of ways it may divide (distribute or spread) its ________ across all of its particles 'different movements.

R NA

________= 1.381023 J /K Because the word W refers to the number of microstates, it has no units; hence, S has units of J /K is an abbreviation for joules /kelvin.