Unit 6: Industrialization and Its Effects (1815–1914)

Industrialization

A fundamental shift in how society produces goods, transitioning from hand production to machines.

Great Britain

The country where the Industrial Revolution began around 1750 due to various advantageous factors.

Agricultural Revolution

Advancements like the seed drill and crop rotation that increased food supply, leading to population growth.

Seed Drill

An invention by Jethro Tull that allowed for efficient planting of seeds.

Capital & Banking

A developed banking system that encouraged investment and economic growth, notably the Bank of England.

Colonial Empire

Access to raw materials and markets for finished goods, critical for industrial growth.

Mechanization

The transition from cottage industries to factory systems for mass production.

Cottage Industry

A system where families produced goods at home before the rise of factories.

Factory System

A method of manufacturing using machinery and workers in large buildings.

Urbanization

The migration from rural villages to urban centers as people sought work in factories.

Bourgeoisie

The middle class and owners of capital who emerged during industrialization.

Proletariat

The working class or wage laborers in industrial society.

The Crystal Palace

A structure built in 1851 in London to showcase Britain's industrial and economic power.

Luddites

Skilled artisans who protested against machines that threatened their jobs.

Zollverein

A German customs union established in 1834 to facilitate trade and economic growth.

Bessemer Process

An innovation in steel production that enabled mass production of cheaper steel.

Electricity

A key innovation that powered factories, streetlights, and trams during the Second Industrial Revolution.

Internal Combustion Engine

An engine that revolutionized transportation, powered by petroleum.

Synthetic Dyes

Chemicals that became prominent in the industry, with Germany leading in production.

Mass Production

The manufacturing of large quantities of goods efficiently using assembly lines.

Department Stores

Large retail establishments that offered a variety of goods to consumers, emerging during industrialization.

Separate Spheres

The ideology that men operated in the public sphere while women remained in the domestic sphere.

Cult of Domesticity

An ideal that promoted women as moral guardians of the home, prevalent in the middle and upper classes.

Public Health Act of 1848

A reform resulting from concerns about unsanitary conditions and disease linked to urban living.

Congress of Vienna

A meeting of major powers in 1815 aimed at restoring order after Napoleon's defeat.

Conservatism

An ideology emphasizing tradition, hierarchy, and resistance to rapid change.

Liberalism

An ideology advocating for individual rights, constitutional government, and free market principles.

Nationalism

A political ideology emphasizing loyalty to one’s cultural or ethnic group rather than a monarch.

Socialism

An ideology advocating for social ownership and egalitarianism.

Marxism

A form of socialism developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels focusing on class struggle.

Feminism

A movement seeking legal equality and suffrage for women.

Chartist Movement

A working-class effort in Britain promoting universal male suffrage and political reforms.

Reform Act of 1832

A law that expanded voting rights to the urban middle class in Britain.

Labour Party

A political party formed in Britain to represent the interests of workers and labor unions.

Public Transit

Systems like electric streetcars that improved urban mobility for workers.

Sir Robert Peel

Established the London Metropolitan Police (Bobbies) to maintain order.

Compulsory Education

Mandatory education implemented to create a literate workforce.

Job Security

The assurance of continued employment, which became a focus of labor movements.

Public Reform

Changes made by governments to address social issues and improve living conditions.

Worker's Rights

The legal rights and protections entitled to workers, often promoted by labor movements.

Technological Advancements

Innovations that changed production methods and sparked industrial growth.

Mass Politics

An era where political parties had to appeal to a broad electorate, including the working class.

Holy Alliance

A coalition aimed at preserving monarchies and resisting revolutionary movements.

Revolutions of 1848

A series of widespread uprisings across Europe driven by liberal and nationalist sentiments.

Failed Revolutions

Most uprisings during 1848 were unsuccessful, with authorities regaining control swiftly.