Most proteins localized in mitochondria, such as the mitochondrial RNA and ________, are synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes and are imported into the organelle by processes.
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Pulse
________ labeling with 3H- uridine and autoradiography have shown that most transcription occurs in regions of euchromatin and the nucleolus.
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Barbara McClintock
________ discovered the first mobile elements while doing classical genetic experiments in maize (corn) during the 1940s.
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multicellular animals
Most genes in ________ and plants contain introns, which are removed during RNA processing.
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genetic material
During interphase, when cells are not dividing, the ________ exists as a nucleoprotein complex called chromatin, which is dispersed through much of the nucleus.
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15 kb DNA sequence
The ________ encoding chicken lysozyme constitutes a simple transcription unit containing four exons and three introns.
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major cytoskeletal
Invertebrates, the ________ proteins are the actins, tubulins, and intermediate filament proteins like the keratins.
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Encodes rRNAs
# mtDNA Is Inherited Cytoplasmically and ________, tRNAs, and Some Mitochondrial Proteins.
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diploid
In the mating by fusion of haploid yeast cells, both parents contribute equally to the cytoplasm of the resulting ________; thus inheritance of mitochondria is biparental.
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lineages
In ________ leading to higher eukaryotes, homologous recombination between mobile DNA elements dispersed throughout ancestral genomes may have generated gene duplications and other DNA rearrangements during evolution.
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genomes of all eukaryotes
The ________ studied from yeast to humans contain retrotransposons.
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germ line
Similar to other mobile elements, most SINEs have accumulated mutations from the time of their insertion in the ________ of an ancient ancestor of modern humans.
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H1
The five major types of histone proteins- termed ________, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4- are rich in positively charged basic amino acids, which interact with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA.
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cytogenetic work
Almost all ________ (i.e., studies of chromosome morphology) has been done with condensed metaphase chromosomes obtained from dividing cells- either somatic cells in mitosis or dividing gametes during meiosis.
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multiple copies
Like mitochondria, chloroplasts contain ________ of the organellar DNA and ribosomes.
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SARs
Generally, ________ are found between transcription units.
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Early microscopic observations
________ on the number and size of chromosomes and their staining patterns led to the discovery of many important general characteristics of chromosome structure.
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Genetic studies
________ in yeast indicate that specific histone acetylases are required for the full activation of transcription of a number of genes.
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protein synthesis
In most eukaryotes, all the tRNAs used for ________ in mitochondria are encoded by mtDNAs.
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Genes
________ are located primarily within chromatin loops, which are attached at their bases to a chromosome scaffold.
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Alu
________ elements exhibit considerable sequence homology with and may have evolved from 7SL RNA, a component of the signal- recognition particle.
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Invertebrates
________ and ________, the genes encoding rRNAs and some other noncoding RNAs such as some of the snRNAs involved in RNA splicing occur as tandemly repeated arrays.
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acid sequence
In molecular terms, a gene commonly is defined as the entire** nucleic ________** that is necessary for the synthesis of a functional gene product** (polypeptide or RNA**)
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Translation initiation
________ can begin at any of these multiple internal sites, producing multiple proteins.
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YACs
To construct ________, TEL sequences from yeast cells or from the protozoan Tetrahymena are combined with yeast CEN and ARS sequences.
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enzyme
The ________ is a protein and RNA complex called telomere terminal transferase, or telomerase.
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cluster of genes
The ________ that form a bacterial operon comprises a single transcription unit, which is transcribed from a particular promoter into a single primary transcript.
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ORF1
________ and ORF2 proteins are from a LINE RNA.
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H2A
The amino acid sequences of four histones (________, H2B, H3, and H4) are remarkably similar among distantly related species.
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DNA transposition
________ by the cut- and- paste mechanism can result in an increase in the copy number of a transposon when it occurs during S phase.
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G bands
________ are produced when metaphase chromosomes are subjected briefly to mild heat or proteolysis and then stained with Giemsa reagent, a permanent DNA dye.
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mammalian cells
In ________, heterochromatin appears as darkly staining regions of the nucleus, often associated with the nuclear envelope.
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yeast genome
The ________ contains many ≈100- bp sequences, called autonomously replicating sequences (ARSs), that act as replication origins.
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salt concentration
When chromatin is extracted from nuclei and examined in the electron microscope, its appearance depends on the ________ to which it is exposed.
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telomere repeat
The ________ sequence in humans and other vertebrates is TTAGGG.
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Eukaryotic chromosomes
________ are apparent when we consider that all known DNA polymerases elongate DNA chains at the 3 end, and all require an RNA or DNA primer.
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ARS
If circular plasmids containing a(n) ________ and CEN sequence are cut once with a restriction enzyme, the resulting linear plasmids do not produce LEU colonies unless they contain special telomeric (TEL) sequences ligated to their ends.
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isotonic buffers
When the DNA from eukaryotic nuclei is isolated in ________ (i.e., buffers with the same salt concentration found in cells, ≈0.15 M KCl), it is associated with an equal mass of protein as chromatin.
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DNA sequences
Most genes are transcribed into mRNAs, which encode proteins, clearly, some ________ are transcribed into RNAs that do not encode proteins (e.g., tRNAs and rRNAs)
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specific DNA sequences
The highly reproducible banding pattern seen in Drosophila salivary gland chromosomes provides an extremely powerful method for locating ________ along the lengths of the chromosomes in this species.
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larval salivary glands of Drosophila
The ________ species and other dipteran insects contain enlarged interphase chromosomes that are visible in the light microscope.
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Eukaryotic DNA Transposon
________: McClintocks original discovery of mobile elements came from the observation of certain spontaneous mutations in maize that affect the production of any of the several enzymes required to make anthocyanin, a purple pigment in maize kernels.
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Replication of DNA
________ begins from sites that are scattered throughout eukaryotic chromosomes.
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RNA transcripts of mtDNA
All ________ and their translation products remain in the mitochondrion, and all mtDNA- encoded proteins are synthesized on mitochondrial ribosomes.
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mtDNA
The ________ is located in the interior of the mitochondrion, the region known as the matrix.
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Certain dyes
________ selectively stain some regions of metaphase chromosomes more intensely than other regions, producing characteristic banding patterns that are specific for individual chromosomes.
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LTR retrotransposons
Since LINEs do not contain LTRs, their mechanism of transposition through an RNA intermediate differs from that of ________.
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DNA
In cells, newly replicated ________ is assembled into nucleosomes shortly after the replication fork passes.
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flexible amino
Each of the histone proteins making up the nucleosome core contains a(n) ________ terminus of 11- 37 residues extending from the fixed structure of the nucleosome; these termini are called histone tails.
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Interphase chromatin
________ and metaphase chromosomes also contain small amounts of a complex set of other proteins.
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