chemistry exam 2

ether

oxygen with 2 R groups (no carbonyl)

amide

one side R and one side N attached to carbonyl

ester

one side R and one side OR attached to carbonyl

carboxylic acid

one side R and one side OH attached to carbonyl

naming a carboxylic acid

1) replace e with oic acid. if 2 carboxyl groups, dioic is used

2) carbonyl carbon is #1

CH3CO2H

ethanoic acid (acetic acid)

HCO2H

methanoic acid (formic acid)

naming aldehydes

1) change e ending to al

2) carbonyl carbon is always #1

naming ketones

1) replace e end with one

2) carbonyl carbon is numbered from lowest side

alpha carbon always bears the

functional group

ketones have carbonyls on the

inside

aldehydes have carbonyls on

outside

aldehydes are oxidized to

carboxylic acids

ketones cannot be

oxidized

oxidation

adding oxygen or removing hydrogen

reduction

removing oxygen or adding hydrogen

reduction of aldehydes and ketones produce

alcohols

aldehydes are reduced to

primary alcohols

ketones are reduced to

secondary alcohols

aldehyde

one side hydrogen and one side R group attached to carbonyl

ketone

two R groups attached to carbonyl

4- carbons

butanedioic acid (succinic acid)

3- carbons

propanedioic acid (malonic acid)

2- carbons

ethanedioic acid (oxalic acid)

6- carbons

hexanedioic acid (adipic acid)

7- carbons

heptanedioic acid (pimelic acid)

5- carbons

pentanedioic acid (glutaric acid)

benzoic acid

carbonyl group with hydrogen on one side and benzene on the other side