ether
oxygen with 2 R groups (no carbonyl)
amide
one side R and one side N attached to carbonyl
ester
one side R and one side OR attached to carbonyl
carboxylic acid
one side R and one side OH attached to carbonyl
naming a carboxylic acid
replace e with oic acid. if 2 carboxyl groups, dioic is used
carbonyl carbon is #1
CH3CO2H
ethanoic acid (acetic acid)
HCO2H
methanoic acid (formic acid)
naming aldehydes
change e ending to al
carbonyl carbon is always #1
naming ketones
replace e end with one
carbonyl carbon is numbered from lowest side
alpha carbon always bears the
functional group
ketones have carbonyls on the
inside
aldehydes have carbonyls on
outside
aldehydes are oxidized to
carboxylic acids
ketones cannot be
oxidized
oxidation
adding oxygen or removing hydrogen
reduction
removing oxygen or adding hydrogen
reduction of aldehydes and ketones produce
alcohols
aldehydes are reduced to
primary alcohols
ketones are reduced to
secondary alcohols
aldehyde
one side hydrogen and one side R group attached to carbonyl
ketone
two R groups attached to carbonyl
4- carbons
butanedioic acid (succinic acid)
3- carbons
propanedioic acid (malonic acid)
2- carbons
ethanedioic acid (oxalic acid)
6- carbons
hexanedioic acid (adipic acid)
7- carbons
heptanedioic acid (pimelic acid)
5- carbons
pentanedioic acid (glutaric acid)
benzoic acid
carbonyl group with hydrogen on one side and benzene on the other side