Chapter 12 - Physical Properties of Solutions

12.1 - Types of Solutions

Chemists also classify solutions according to their ability to dissolve a solute.
- At a given temperature, a saturated solution contains the maximum quantity of a solute that will dissolve in a given solvent.
- An unsaturated solution contains less solute than it can dissolve.
- A supersaturated solution, on the other hand, contains more solute than a saturated solution.
- The process of crystallization is when a dissolved solute separates from its solution and forms crystals.

When sodium chloride dissolves in water, hydration, which involves ion-dipole interaction, stabilizes the ions in solution.
- Solvation is the process of encircling an ion or molecule with a certain arrangement of solvent molecules.
- When the solvent is water, the process is known as hydration.

The percent by mass is the ratio of a solute's mass to the mass of the solution multiplied by 100 percent.
The number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kilogram (1000 g) of solvent is referred to as molality.

Remember that solubility refers to the amount of a solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a particular temperature.
- The separation of a mixture of substances into pure components based on their different solubilities is known as fractional crystallization.

Henry's law, which states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportionate to the pressure of the gas above the solution
- It describes the quantitative relationship between gas solubility and pressure.

Colligative qualities are properties that are determined only by the numberforwardingof solute particles in solution, not by their type.
The vapor pressure of a nonvolatile solute's solution is always lower than the vapor pressure of the pure solvent.
- The vapor pressure of a solvent over a solution, P1, is provided by the vapor pressure of the pure solvent, P°, times the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution, X, according to Raoult's law.
One of the few examples of an ideal solution, which is any solution that obeys Raoult's law, is the benzene-toluene mixture.
Fractional distillation, a method of separating liquid components of a solution based on their differing boiling points, is directly affected by solution vapor pressure.
- The boiling-point elevation (Tb) is calculated by subtracting the solution's boiling point (Tb) from the pure solvent's boiling point (Tb°)
- A solution's osmotic pressure pi is the pressure required to stop osmosis.

Because electrostatic forces come into play at larger concentrations and cause the production of ion pairs, the colligative qualities of electrolyte solutions are frequently smaller than expected.
- One or more cations and one or more anions form an ion pair, which is kept together by electrostatic forces.

A heterogeneous combination is something like this.
- A colloidal suspension, or simply a colloid, is a condition that exists between these two extremes.
- A colloid is a dispersion of one material's particles in a dispersing medium composed of another substance.
- Hydrophilic, or water-loving, colloids are split into two categories: hydrophobic, or water-fearing, colloids.