Chapter 26: War and Revolution, 1914-1920

  • Technology prevented the war from being long
  • Militarism consisted of an intense increase in production and planning for military operations
  • Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated
  • Five weeks before war was declared:
    • Austria-Hungary held the Serbian government responsible and made unreasonable demands as an ultimatum
    • Serbia tried to meet demands but attempts were rejected with Austria-Hungary cutting off diplomatic relations
    • Germany supported Austria-Hungary
    • Russia had a secret alliance with Serbia and mobilized on Serbia’s behalf
    • Germany demanded that Russia stop with the mobilization to which Russia refused
    • Germany declared war on Russia and France and went on to invade Belgium
    • England declared war on Germany
    • Ottoman Empire joined Germany and Austria-Hungary
  • Battle of Tannenberg and Battle of Masurian Lakes
    • Russia lost two armies in the east
    • Russian military had poor leadership and lacked sufficient supplies and training
  • Trench Warfare
  • Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria defeated Serbia
  • 1917: “Blackest Year of the War”
    • Italy suffered a large defeat and was effectively taken out of the war
    • Russians dropped out of the war due to revolutions
    • Germans tried to get offensive victory before the U.S. could join the war
  • During the war, women filled the empty positions in every level of the economy
    • Women finally got the right to vote by the end of the war
  • “Total War”
    • Mass civilization populations were involved in the war
  • A dictatorship was created in France during the war
  • The war ended in 1919
    • Paris Peace Conference (1919)
    • Versailles Treaty (1919)
  • The blame for the war was placed on Germany, meaning that Germany would be punished severely
  • There were massive casualties from the war
    • 10 million soldiers were dead
    • 10 million civilians were dead
  • Habsburg dynasty which had lasted 500 years, was removed from Austria
  • Romanov dynasty which had lasted 300 years, was removed from Russia
  • Hohenzollern dynasty which had lasted 300 years, was removed from Germany
  • The Ottoman Empire which had lasted 500 years, was destroyed
  • The political map of Europe was redrawn
    • Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Yugoslavia were on the map
  • Russian Revolution led to the world’s first communist country

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