Through contact with the Greek world, Roman education took on new ideals in the third and second centuries B.
The wealthy classes wanted their children exposed to Greek studies and were especially attracted to the training in rhetoric and philosophy that would prepare their sons for a successful public career.
Since knowledge of Greek was a crucial ingredient in education, schools taught by professional teachers emerged to supply this need.
Those who could afford to provide Greek tutors for their children, but less well-endowed families could turn to private schools where most of the instructors were educated slaves or freedmen, usually of Greek origin.
The Romans were by nature a conservative people.
The Romans emphasized parental authority and, above all, their obligations to the state.
Some felt that after the destruction of Carthage, the Romans no longer had any strong enemies to challenge them.
Others believed that the Romans had simply been overwhelmed by the affluence created by the new empire.
And finally, there were those who blamed everything on the Greeks for importing ideas and practices baneful to the Romans.
The senate had become the effective governing body of the Roman state.
As always, it comprised some three hundred men drawn primarily from the landed aristocracy who remained senators for life and held the chief magistracies of the Republic.
The advice of the senate to the consuls had come to have the force of law.
The nobles were essentially the men whose families were elected to the more important political offices of the Republic.
These were not political parties or even individual cliques but leaders who followed two different approaches to politics.
Optimates and Populares were terms of political rhetoric that were used by individuals within the aristocracy against fellow aristocratic rivals to distinguish one set of tactics from another.
This war resulted from Rome’s unwillingness to deal constructively with the complaints of its Italian allies.
These allies had fought loyally on Rome’s side but felt they had not shared sufficiently in the lands and bonuses given to Roman veterans.
The Italians rebelled and formed their own confederation.
Two years of bitter fighting left Italy devastated and took an enormous number of lives.
The Romans managed to end the rebellion but only by granting full rights of Roman citizenship to all free Italians. ‘‘Rome was now Italy, and Italy Rome. ’’
The influx of new voters into the popular assemblies drastically altered the voting power structure in favor of the popular, who had earlier favored the enfranchisement of the Italians.
Sulla had been made a consul for 88 B. ’’ After conducting a reign of terror to wipe out all opposition, Sulla revised the constitution to restore power to the senate.
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