Chapter 11 - Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons
Organic compounds have covalent bonds, most of the non-polar molecules, have low melting points and low boiling points, are not highly water-soluble.
Inorganic compounds are often ionic or have polar covalent bonding and polar molecules, high melts and boiling points, usually water-soluble, water ionizing and do not burn in air.
Methane, CH4, in the simplest organic molecule, is directed at the corners of a tetrahedron, with a binding angle of 109 degrees C bisH binding four hydrogen Atoms to a carbon atom.
A separate line is drawn for each bond in the expanded structural formula.
Hydrocarbons with C-to-C single debts are alkanes.
A structural condensed form represents groups consisting of each atom of carbon and its hydrogen-assigned atoms.
The Carbon Skeleton is the ends and corners of a zigzag line or geometric figure in a line-angle form.
The IUPAC system is used by specifying the number of carbon atoms in organic compounds
The cycloalkanes name will be written by the prefix cyclo with the same number of carbon atoms in front of the alkanes name.
Structural isomers are compounds that differ in the order in which their atoms are bound by the same molecular formulas.
Alkyl groups and halogen atoms are substitutes attached to an alkanoic chain (F, Cl, Br, or I).
Alkyl substituents are known by the IUPAC system as methyl, propyl, and isopropyl; atoms of halogen include fluoride, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
Alcanes are non-polar molecules and are usually less dense in water than water.
Alkanes are burned to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy in which they react with oxygen.
Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds, unsaturated hydrocarbons
Alkynes have a threefold carbon-carbon bond.
Alkenes are called IUPAC by one, and names by alkyl end with one. Once close to a double or triple connection, the principal chain is numbered.
Alkenes are geometric or cis–trans isomers when carbon atoms are linked to different atoms or groups of carbon in a double bond.
Similar groups are on the same side in the cis isomer of the double connection whereas they are connected on the other side of the double connection in the trans isomer.
A characteristic reaction of alkenes is the addition of small molecules to the double bond.
In order to produce an Alkan, hydrogen supplements hydrogen atoms in an alkene's double bond.
Hydration adds water to the alkene to form alcohol in a double connection.
When a different number of hydrogen atoms are connected in double bonds to the carbons, the water's hydrogen H adds more H atoms to the carbon.
C6H6, a cyclic structure with six carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms contains the most aromatic compounds.
The benzene structure is depicted as a hexagon with a center circle.
The IUPAC name for aromatic compounds, while names such as toluene, aniline, and phenol are retained.
Organic compounds have covalent bonds, most of the non-polar molecules, have low melting points and low boiling points, are not highly water-soluble.
Inorganic compounds are often ionic or have polar covalent bonding and polar molecules, high melts and boiling points, usually water-soluble, water ionizing and do not burn in air.
Methane, CH4, in the simplest organic molecule, is directed at the corners of a tetrahedron, with a binding angle of 109 degrees C bisH binding four hydrogen Atoms to a carbon atom.
A separate line is drawn for each bond in the expanded structural formula.
Hydrocarbons with C-to-C single debts are alkanes.
A structural condensed form represents groups consisting of each atom of carbon and its hydrogen-assigned atoms.
The Carbon Skeleton is the ends and corners of a zigzag line or geometric figure in a line-angle form.
The IUPAC system is used by specifying the number of carbon atoms in organic compounds
The cycloalkanes name will be written by the prefix cyclo with the same number of carbon atoms in front of the alkanes name.
Structural isomers are compounds that differ in the order in which their atoms are bound by the same molecular formulas.
Alkyl groups and halogen atoms are substitutes attached to an alkanoic chain (F, Cl, Br, or I).
Alkyl substituents are known by the IUPAC system as methyl, propyl, and isopropyl; atoms of halogen include fluoride, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
Alcanes are non-polar molecules and are usually less dense in water than water.
Alkanes are burned to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy in which they react with oxygen.
Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds, unsaturated hydrocarbons
Alkynes have a threefold carbon-carbon bond.
Alkenes are called IUPAC by one, and names by alkyl end with one. Once close to a double or triple connection, the principal chain is numbered.
Alkenes are geometric or cis–trans isomers when carbon atoms are linked to different atoms or groups of carbon in a double bond.
Similar groups are on the same side in the cis isomer of the double connection whereas they are connected on the other side of the double connection in the trans isomer.
A characteristic reaction of alkenes is the addition of small molecules to the double bond.
In order to produce an Alkan, hydrogen supplements hydrogen atoms in an alkene's double bond.
Hydration adds water to the alkene to form alcohol in a double connection.
When a different number of hydrogen atoms are connected in double bonds to the carbons, the water's hydrogen H adds more H atoms to the carbon.
C6H6, a cyclic structure with six carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms contains the most aromatic compounds.
The benzene structure is depicted as a hexagon with a center circle.
The IUPAC name for aromatic compounds, while names such as toluene, aniline, and phenol are retained.
