Chapter 48 - Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

ligand gated ion channels

The neurotransmitter binds to ________ in the postsynaptic membrane at numerous synapses, resulting in an excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potential (EPSP or IPSP)

spatial summation of EPSPs

The temporal and ________ and IPSPs at the axon hillock determines whether or not a neuron gene is expressed.

Depolarization

________ causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the terminal membrane and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft in a chemical synapse.

neural pathways

Sorting ________ and connections is thus required when interpreting nerve signals.

plasma membrane

The ________ of resting neurons includes numerous open potassium channels but few open sodium channels.

ion channels

Gated ________ in neurons open and shut in response to inputs, causing changes in membrane potential.

nerve impulse

A(n) ________ is propagated through the axon from the axon hillock to the synaptic terminals by a sequence of action potentials.

Interneurons

________ are responsible for the integration (analysis and interpretation) of sensory input.

Nerves

________ are formed when the axons of neurons are tangled together.

central nervous system

The neurons that carry out the integration in many animals are arranged in a(n) ________ (CNS)

Electrical current travels

________ straight from one cell to another at an electrical synapse.

membrane potential

A hyperpolarization occurs when the amplitude of the ________ increases; a depolarization occurs when it decreases.

potentials

Graded ________ are changes in membrane potential that vary continuously with the intensity of stimulation.

single neuron

On the dendrites and cell bodies of a(n) ________, there are many synapses.

sensory input

The snail explores its environment with its tubelike siphon to provide ________ to the nervous system, collecting odors that may suggest a nearby fish (as shown in the attached image)

peripheral nervous system

The ________ is made up of neurons that transport information into and out of the CNS (PNS)