Covalent Molecules

What is it called when a Carbon bonds to another Carbon?

Catenation

What solvents are organic molecules soluble in?

Non - polar

Why do hybrid orbitals form?

Energetically favourable

How are Sigma bonds formed?

Overlap of two hybrid orbitals

How are Pi bonds formed?

Combination of two p orbitals

Are Pi orSigma bonds stronger?

Sigma

What type of hybridisation do Carbon Carbon double bonds have?

sp2

What type of hybridisation do Carbon Carbon triple bonds have?

sp

What type of hybridisation does a Carbon Oxygen double bond have?

sp2

What is the bond length of a Carbon Carbon single bond?

1.54

What is the bond length of a Carbon Carbon double bond?

1.34

What is the bond length of a Carbon Carbon triple bond?

1.20

As bond strength increases, bond length _______.

Decreases

What is the name for a benzene ring with a hydroxy group bonded?

Phenol

What is the name for a group of isomers with the same chemical formula but different structures?

Constitutional isomers

If a bond in a Fischer projection is horizontal then it is...

Coming out of the plane (towards you)

If a bond in a Fischer projection is vertical then it is...

Going into the plane (away from you)

If a molecule rotates clockwise its chiral centre is assigned...

R

If a molecule rotates anti-clockwise its chiral centre is assigned...

S

What piece of equipment measures the rotation of an optical molecule?

Polarimeter

What is it important to remember when using a polarimeter?

Use a non-chiral solvent

What is the equation for the observed angle of rotation?

[a]= a/cl

What units is l (path length) in in the equation [a]= a/cl?

dm (10cm = 1dm)

What units is c (concentration) in in the equation [a]= a/cl?

g/ml

What do lots of [a] values also specify?

Temperature and light wavelength

What does a negative [a] value mean?

Light rotated to the left

What do + and - denote in chiral chemistry?

Rotation of polarised light

What are other names used for + and - denotation?

Dextrorotatory (+) and Laevorotatory (-)

Is R and S connected to + and -?

No

What is a diastereomer?

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images

What types of compounds can be diastereomers?

Cyclic and those with more than 1 chiral centre

When is an isomer labelled as 'cis'?

Highest priority groups on same side

When is an isomer labelled as 'trans'?

Highest priority groups on opposite sides

Do diastereomers have the same or different relative stereochemistry?

Different

How many chiral centres must be inverted to go between two diastereomers?

One

How many chiral centres must be inverted to go between two enantiomers?

Both

What are Meso compounds?

Have a chiral centre but are achiral

What are conformers?

Where structures can be interconverted without breaking bonds

What is the 'chair' conformer free of?

Torsional and steric strain

What is an interaction across a ring called?

Transannular

Why is there steric strain in the boat conformer?

Flagpole Hydrogens cause a transannular interaction

Why is there torsional strain in the boat conformer?

Eclipsing of bonds

Is the Chair or Boat conformation more stable?

Chair

When the two interconvertible chair conformers flip the axial bonds become....

equatorial (horizontal)

When the two interconvertible chair conformers flip the equatorial bonds become....

axial (vertical but below plane)

When the two interconvertible chair conformers flip the 'up' substituents remain....

Above the plane

When the two interconvertible chair conformers flip the 'down' substituents remain....

Below the plane

How many carbons are in the Chair and boat conformers?

Six

What is the degree of strain in a 6 Carbon ring?

-10.5