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What is it called when a Carbon bonds to another Carbon?
Catenation
What solvents are organic molecules soluble in?
Non - polar
Why do hybrid orbitals form?
Energetically favourable
How are Sigma bonds formed?
Overlap of two hybrid orbitals
How are Pi bonds formed?
Combination of two p orbitals
Are Pi orSigma bonds stronger?
Sigma
What type of hybridisation do Carbon Carbon double bonds have?
sp2
What type of hybridisation do Carbon Carbon triple bonds have?
sp
What type of hybridisation does a Carbon Oxygen double bond have?
sp2
What is the bond length of a Carbon Carbon single bond?
1.54
What is the bond length of a Carbon Carbon double bond?
1.34
What is the bond length of a Carbon Carbon triple bond?
1.20
As bond strength increases, bond length _______.
Decreases
What is the name for a benzene ring with a hydroxy group bonded?
Phenol
What is the name for a group of isomers with the same chemical formula but different structures?
Constitutional isomers
If a bond in a Fischer projection is horizontal then it is...
Coming out of the plane (towards you)
If a bond in a Fischer projection is vertical then it is...
Going into the plane (away from you)
If a molecule rotates clockwise its chiral centre is assigned...
R
If a molecule rotates anti-clockwise its chiral centre is assigned...
S
What piece of equipment measures the rotation of an optical molecule?
Polarimeter
What is it important to remember when using a polarimeter?
Use a non-chiral solvent
What is the equation for the observed angle of rotation?
[a]= a/cl
What units is l (path length) in in the equation [a]= a/cl?
dm (10cm = 1dm)
What units is c (concentration) in in the equation [a]= a/cl?
g/ml
What do lots of [a] values also specify?
Temperature and light wavelength
What does a negative [a] value mean?
Light rotated to the left
What do + and - denote in chiral chemistry?
Rotation of polarised light
What are other names used for + and - denotation?
Dextrorotatory (+) and Laevorotatory (-)
Is R and S connected to + and -?
No
What is a diastereomer?
Stereoisomers that are not mirror images
What types of compounds can be diastereomers?
Cyclic and those with more than 1 chiral centre
When is an isomer labelled as 'cis'?
Highest priority groups on same side
When is an isomer labelled as 'trans'?
Highest priority groups on opposite sides
Do diastereomers have the same or different relative stereochemistry?
Different
How many chiral centres must be inverted to go between two diastereomers?
One
How many chiral centres must be inverted to go between two enantiomers?
Both
What are Meso compounds?
Have a chiral centre but are achiral
What are conformers?
Where structures can be interconverted without breaking bonds
What is the 'chair' conformer free of?
Torsional and steric strain
What is an interaction across a ring called?
Transannular
Why is there steric strain in the boat conformer?
Flagpole Hydrogens cause a transannular interaction
Why is there torsional strain in the boat conformer?
Eclipsing of bonds
Is the Chair or Boat conformation more stable?
Chair
When the two interconvertible chair conformers flip the axial bonds become....
equatorial (horizontal)
When the two interconvertible chair conformers flip the equatorial bonds become....
axial (vertical but below plane)
When the two interconvertible chair conformers flip the 'up' substituents remain....
Above the plane
When the two interconvertible chair conformers flip the 'down' substituents remain....
Below the plane
How many carbons are in the Chair and boat conformers?
Six
What is the degree of strain in a 6 Carbon ring?
-10.5
Note 
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