________ are caused by disturbances in the natural stability of a slope.
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Continental Crust
________ is stratified (layered) and becomes more dense with depth, and is largely composed of sedimentary, volcanic, and granite-like rocks.
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Topography
________- the characteristics of where the soil is located.
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Mudslides
________ occur when water rapidly collects in the ground and causes in a surge of water- filled rocks.
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Aeration
________- How well the soil can absorb nutrients, water, and oxygen.
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Permeability
________- The capacity that can allow water and oxygen to pass through it.
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Principle of Superposition
________: Any given layer is older than the layers above them and younger than the layers below them.
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plate boundaries
They can be generated when ________ move and displace the water vertically.
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Tectonic Plates
Earth's lithosphere is divided into huge sections called _______________ that drift over the mantle.
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Earthworms
________ often help mix humus with minerals in the soil.
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debris
Occurs when masses of rock, earth, or ________ moves down a slope.
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upper third
The asthenosphere (________) is more plastic- like.
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worms
Living Organisms- bacteria, fungi, ________, snails, insects that help decompose.
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abrupt movement
They occur during ________ on a fault, tectonic plate boundaries, or along mid- ocean ridges.
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Nutrient
________- Holding Capacity- How well the soil can contain and hold ________.
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Seasons
________ are not caused by the distance away from the sun, but from the angle of sunlight hitting Earth.
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Focus
________: The place where all the energy is released.
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massive fault zones
Can create ________ in the oceanic ridge system and are areas of frequent oceanic earthquakes.
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Soil
________ is the thin layer on the top of Earths surface.
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travel
P waves ________ throughout Earth and are caused by the expansion and contraction of bedrock.
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Subduction Zones
________ are where two tectonic plates meet together and one plate slides under the other and moves toward the mantle.
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Strata
________ /*/*/*/* (Rock layers) are laid down in succession representing a slice of time.
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Series of waves
________ created when a body of water is rapidly displaced, usually from an earthquake.
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Active volcanoes
________ produce ejecta (lava rock /ash), molten lava, and gases such as sulfur dioxide.
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organic materials
Soil is composed of minerals of different sizes, ________ from the remains of dead organisms and plants, and open space that can be filled with air and water.
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Wegener
________ believed that the supercontinent started breaking apart 200 million years ago.
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Pore Size
________- The space between soil particles.
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continental plates
When two ________ collide, mountain ranges are created because of the crust being compressed and pushed upward.
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S waves
________ are produced when a material moves either vertically or horizontally.
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Mudslides
________ tend to flow in channels.
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Active volcanoes
________ produce magma at the surface.
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Biosphere
Section of Earth that includes all forms of life on both land and sea.
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Hydrosphere
Section of Earth that includes all forms of water.
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Internal Structure
The _____________ of the Earth is made up of the crust, mantle, and core.
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Oceanic Crust
Relatively thin part of the crust, consisting of basaltic rock as well as sediments, and younger with a different chemical composition.
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Mantle
Contains most of the Earth's mass, composed of iron, magnesium, aluminum, and silicon-oxygen compounds.
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Core
Mostly made up of iron, outer portion is molten and inner portion is solid.
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Continental Drift Theory
Concept that 200 million years ago, there was a single landmass that broke up into the continents.
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Seafloor Spreading Theory
Idea that new crust was made at volcanic rift zones.
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Transform Boundaries
Occurs when plates slide past each other, frequently causing earthquakes.
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Divergent Boundaries
Occur when two plates slide apart from each other, gap fills with magma.
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Convergent Boundaries
Occurs when two plates slide together, and generally forms subduction zones or an orogenic belt.
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Earthquake
Massive store of energy released in a short period of time when plates slide past each other.
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Richter Scale
Method used to measure the strength of earthquakes by comparing the amplitudes of their waves.
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Surface Waves
_____________ cause damage and rolling and/or swaying motions
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Tsunamis
Series of waves created when a body of water is rapidly displaced, usually from an earthquake.
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Volcanic Eruptions
__________ occur whenever pressure inside a magma chamber force molten magma upt to the top of the volcano to erupt
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Solar Intensity
Factors that affect the amount of solar energy at the surface of the Earth
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Humus
Dark material formed when plant and animal matter decays
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