Chap 1: The human body; an orientation

Anatomy

the study of the structure and shape of the body;(to cut-tomy) (apart -ana)

physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function; (Physio- Nature) (ology-the study of)

Organelle

specialized structures in a cell that performs specific metabolic functions, "little organ"

cell

the smallest units of all living things

tissue

groups of similar cells that have a common function

organ

a structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body

organ system

group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

organism

highest level of structural organization

body covering

integumentary system (skin/hair/nails/sweat glands/sebaceous glands)

support and movement

skeletal and muscular

integration and coordination

nervous and endocrine

transport

cardiovascular and lymphatic

absorption and excretion

respiratory, digestive, and urinary

Reproduction

male and female reproductive system

What are the necessary life functions?

1. Maintaining boundaries, 2. Movement, 3. Responsiveness, 4. Digestion, 5. Metabolism, 6. Excretion, 7. Reproduction, 8. Growth

metabloism

refers to all chemical reaction that occur within the body and all if its cells

Catabolism

living cells break down substances that occur into simpler substances; destructive metabolism

anabolism

energy-requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances

What are the survival needs?

Nutrients, oxygen, water, Temperature and pressure

Nutrients

energy and building materials for chemical reactions

oxygen

create chemical reactions that release energy

water

provides the fluid bse for body secretions and excretions, necessary for chemical reaction

temperature

regulates chemical reactions

pressure

maintains the chemical reactions

anatomical position

the body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward

supine

lying with the face upward

prone

lying with face downward

superior

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

inferior

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

anterior (ventral)

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

posterior (dorsal)

toward or at the backside of the body; behind

medial

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

lateral

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

intermediate

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure. (Ex: The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder.)

proximal

close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

superficial

toward or at the body surface (external)

deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

sagittal section

a longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left portions

Frontal Section (coronal)

a longitudinal plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse

plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions; cross section

dorsal body cavity

contains the cranial cavity and vertebral (spinal) column

ventral body cavity

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Mediastrinum

central region that separate the lunges into R & cavities

viscera

deep in the internal organs

Pericardium

serous membrane enclosing the heart

pleura

serous membranes lining and covering the abdominal organs

peritoneum

serous membrane lining and covering the abdominal organs

parietal peritoneum

outer membrane that covers the stomach

visceral peritoneum

inner membrane that covers the stomach

parietal pleura

outer membrane lining the lungs

visceral pleura

inner membrane lining the lungs

parietal pericardium

outer membrane lining the heart

visceral pericardium

inner membrane lining the heart