Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders

Fetal virus infections

________ may increase the odds that a child will develop schizophrenia.

Physicians

________ and mental health workers use the detailed "diagnostic criteria and codes "in the DSM- 5 to guide medical diagnoses and treatment.

Psychopathology

________ needs to be diagnosed on the basis of its symptoms.

Genetic influences

________, often in combination with negative environmental factors such as childhood abuse, family instability, or poverty, help wire the brain.

anxiety disorders

People with ________ tend to be hypervigilant.

phobias focus

Our ________ on dangers faced by our ancestors, our compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors that contributed to our species survival.

Compulsive behaviors

________ are responses to those thoughts.

Alcohol

________ use disorder, obsessive- compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia symptoms appear at a median age near 20.

Reinforcement

________ helps maintain learned fears and anxieties.

Selective attention

________ is a cause of disorganized thinking.

Medical Model

________:** the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

poor judgment

Mania**: a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously ________ is common.

Depression

________ can cause the brains reward centers to become less active.

gender stress difference

The ________ explains why beginning in their early teens, women have been nearly twice as vulnerable to depression.

generalization

Stimulus ________ occurs when a person experiences a fearful event and later develops a fear of similar events.

Relentless

________ and self- focused rumination can distract us, increase negative emotion, and disrupt daily activity.

Schizophrenia

________ involves not one isolated brain abnormality but problems with several brain regions and their interconnections.

Natural selection

________ shaped our behaviors, when taken to an extreme, these behaviors can interfere with daily life.

Lack of conscience becomes

________ plain before age 15, as they begin to lie, steal, fight, or display unrestrained sexual behavior.

Molecular geneticists

________ have identified some specific genes that are more common in those with antisocial personality disorder.

social functioning

Personality Disorders:** inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair ________.

Phobia

________:** an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

Neuroscientists

________ have also discovered altered brain structures in people with bipolar disorder.

DSM

The ________ has broadened the diagnostic criteria for attention- deficit /hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

telltale sign of childhood

Eating disorders are not a(n) ________ sexual abuse.

Delusion

________:** a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

genetic predispositions

Disorders reflect ________ and physiological states, inner psychological dynamics, and social and cultural circumstances.

gender components

Eating disorders also have cultural and ________.

potential threats

They are often jittery, agitated, sleep- deprived, and become fixated on ________.

Antisocial personality disorder

________ is woven of both biological and psychological strands.

classical conditioning

Through ________, our fear responses can become linked with formerly neutral objects and events.

Bulimia nervosa

________,** unlike anorexia, is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges, making the condition easy to hide.

irrational fear

People with phobias are consumed by a persistent, ________ and avoidance of some object, activity, or situation.

dissociative detachment

When we face trauma, ________ may protect us from being overwhelmed by emotion.

Obsessive thoughts

________ are unwanted and so repetitive it may seem they will never go away.

Bulimia

________ may also be triggered by a weight- loss diet, broken by gorging on forbidden foods.

false perceptions

Hallucinations are ________.

Anorexia nervosa

________:** an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise.

Psychological Disorder

________**: a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individuals cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.

Dissociative identity disorder

________ (DID- formerly called multiple personality disorder) is when two or more distinct identities- each with its own voice and mannerisms- seem to control a persons behavior at different times.

Traumatic fear learning experiences

________ can leave tracks in the brain, creating fear circuits.

Panic attack

________ is described as repeated panic attacks, with symptoms such as irregular heartbeat, shortness of breath, and dizziness.

Bipolar disorder

________ is much less common the major depressive disorder but it is often more dysfunctional.

Depression

________ is both a cause and an effect of stressful experiences.

Schizophrenia

________ is the chief example of a psychotic disorder.

DSM

The ________- 5 is very close to the WHOs ICD (International Classification of Disease)

Anxiety Disorder

Generalized ________:** an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

Bulimia nervosa

________:** an eating disorder in which a persons binge eating (usually of high- calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight- loss promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

________:** a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

________ (DID):** a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.