________ can be devastatingly destructive causing cells to break open and tissues to fall apart.
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Unicellular eukaryotes
________ are critical for marine ecosystems, consume large quantities of phytoplankton, harbor photosynthetic algae, use sunlight to produce biologically useful energy forms and small fuel molecules.
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typical polysaccharide
A(n) ________ is a linear or branched chain of repeating identical sugar units.
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Sexual life cycles
________ allow more rapid changes in the genetic inheritance that would be possible without having sex.
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Bacteria
________ and archaebacteria** are the most abundant single- celled organisms.
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Elaborate cellular pathways
________ ensure that proteins are transported to their proper intracellular (intra, within) locations or secreted.
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Oxygen
________ kills some cells but is an absolute requirement for others.
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Karl von Baer
In 1827, ________ discovered that mammals grow from eggs that come from the mothers ovary.
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Viruses
________ are not considered alive because they cant grow nor reproduce on their own.
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chain of amino acids
Once a(n) ________ are formed, it folds into a complex shape, conferring a distinctive three- dimensional structure and function on each protein.
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cytoplasm
The ________ is the region between the plasma membrane and the nucleus comprising the cytosol (aqueous phase) and the organelles.
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Humans
________ are walking repositories of bacteria (plants and animals)
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unusual extreme
Many archaeans grow in ________ environments that may resemble ancient conditions when life first appeared on Earth.
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Yeasts
________ and molds (collectively constitute the fungi) are important for breaking down plant and animal remains for reuse.
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Cells
________ string together 20 different amino acids in a linear chain to form a protein.
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Bateria account
________ for an estimated 1- 1.5 kg of the average humans weight.
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Fertilization
________ of an egg by a sperm cell yields a** zygote** a visually unimpressive cell 200 μm in diameter.
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particular places
Most proteins are designed to work in ________ within a cell or to be released into the** extracellular** (extra,"outside)** "space**
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structural components
Proteins can serve as ________ of a cell, (by forming an** internal skeleton**)
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appendages
The cells must be properly arranged and organized into tissues, organs, and ________.
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Identical twins
________ occur naturally when the mass of cells composing an early embryo divides into two parts, each of which develops and grows into an individual animal.
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E coli
________ is a common gut bacterium and a great experimental organism.
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Plants
________ and a few other organisms can harvest energy from sunlight to form ATP in photosynthesis.
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ATP
To obtain energy for making ________, cells break down food molecules.
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linear code
Some polysaccharides exhibit the greater informational complexity associated with a(n) ________ made up of different units assembled in a particular order.
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aid of neurotransmitters
The movements needed to fight or flee are triggered by nerve impulses that flow from the brain to our muscles with the ________.
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Carbon stores
________ in bacteria is nearly as much as the carbon stored in plants.
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DNA double helix
Each ________ has a simple construction: wherever there is an A in one strand there is a T in the other, and each C is matched with a G.
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mammalian embryos
The ability to make and manipulate ________ in the laboratory has led to new medical opportunities as well as various social and ethical concerns.
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essential amino acids
The "________, from a dietary standpoint, are the eight that we can not synthesize and must obtain from food.
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genetic information
The ________ carried by DNA resides in its sequence, the linear order of nucleotides along a strand.
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coat
The ________ protects a virus from the environment and allows it to stick to or enter specific host cells.
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vitro fertilization
In ________ allows many otherwise infertile couples to have children.
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amino acids
Proteins commonly range in length from 100 to 1000 ________, but some are much shorter and others longer.
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Intestinal cells form appropriate shapes
________ providing a niche where the bacteria can live.
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ability of viruses
The ________ to transport genetic material into cells and tissues represents a medical menace and a medical opportunity.
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Viral infections
________ in plants have a major economic impact on crop production.
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Humans
________ and other multicellular organisms have tons of cells that are organized into complex structures, but many consist of single cells.
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ATP
They can be motors that move other molecules around, burning chemical energy (________) to do so.
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Cells
________ produce three types of large polymers, commonly called** macromolecules**:** polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids**
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viruses
In some ________, the protein coat is surrounded by an outer membrane- like envelope.
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amino acids
We obtain ________ either by synthesizing them from other molecules or by breaking down the proteins that we eat.
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Bacteria
________ is an example, cyanobacteria or blue- green algae can be unicellular or filamentous chains of cells.
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Cells
________ come in different varieties of shapes and sizes.
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