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Viral infections
________ can be devastatingly destructive causing cells to break open and tissues to fall apart.
Unicellular eukaryotes
________ are critical for marine ecosystems, consume large quantities of phytoplankton, harbor photosynthetic algae, use sunlight to produce biologically useful energy forms and small fuel molecules.
typical polysaccharide
A(n) ________ is a linear or branched chain of repeating identical sugar units.
Sexual life cycles
________ allow more rapid changes in the genetic inheritance that would be possible without having sex.
Bacteria
________ and archaebacteria** are the most abundant single- celled organisms.
Elaborate cellular pathways
________ ensure that proteins are transported to their proper intracellular (intra, within) locations or secreted.
Oxygen
________ kills some cells but is an absolute requirement for others.
Karl von Baer
In 1827, ________ discovered that mammals grow from eggs that come from the mothers ovary.
Viruses
________ are not considered alive because they cant grow nor reproduce on their own.
chain of amino acids
Once a(n) ________ are formed, it folds into a complex shape, conferring a distinctive three- dimensional structure and function on each protein.
cytoplasm
The ________ is the region between the plasma membrane and the nucleus comprising the cytosol (aqueous phase) and the organelles.
Humans
________ are walking repositories of bacteria (plants and animals)
unusual extreme
Many archaeans grow in ________ environments that may resemble ancient conditions when life first appeared on Earth.
Yeasts
________ and molds (collectively constitute the fungi) are important for breaking down plant and animal remains for reuse.
Cells
________ string together 20 different amino acids in a linear chain to form a protein.
Bateria account
________ for an estimated 1- 1.5 kg of the average humans weight.
Fertilization
________ of an egg by a sperm cell yields a** zygote** a visually unimpressive cell 200 μm in diameter.
particular places
Most proteins are designed to work in ________ within a cell or to be released into the** extracellular** (extra,"outside)** "space**
structural components
Proteins can serve as ________ of a cell, (by forming an** internal skeleton**)
appendages
The cells must be properly arranged and organized into tissues, organs, and ________.
Identical twins
________ occur naturally when the mass of cells composing an early embryo divides into two parts, each of which develops and grows into an individual animal.
E coli
________ is a common gut bacterium and a great experimental organism.
Plants
________ and a few other organisms can harvest energy from sunlight to form ATP in photosynthesis.
ATP
To obtain energy for making ________, cells break down food molecules.
linear code
Some polysaccharides exhibit the greater informational complexity associated with a(n) ________ made up of different units assembled in a particular order.
aid of neurotransmitters
The movements needed to fight or flee are triggered by nerve impulses that flow from the brain to our muscles with the ________.
Carbon stores
________ in bacteria is nearly as much as the carbon stored in plants.
DNA double helix
Each ________ has a simple construction: wherever there is an A in one strand there is a T in the other, and each C is matched with a G.
mammalian embryos
The ability to make and manipulate ________ in the laboratory has led to new medical opportunities as well as various social and ethical concerns.
essential amino acids
The "________, from a dietary standpoint, are the eight that we can not synthesize and must obtain from food.
genetic information
The ________ carried by DNA resides in its sequence, the linear order of nucleotides along a strand.
coat
The ________ protects a virus from the environment and allows it to stick to or enter specific host cells.
vitro fertilization
In ________ allows many otherwise infertile couples to have children.
amino acids
Proteins commonly range in length from 100 to 1000 ________, but some are much shorter and others longer.
Intestinal cells form appropriate shapes
________ providing a niche where the bacteria can live.
ability of viruses
The ________ to transport genetic material into cells and tissues represents a medical menace and a medical opportunity.
Viral infections
________ in plants have a major economic impact on crop production.
Humans
________ and other multicellular organisms have tons of cells that are organized into complex structures, but many consist of single cells.
ATP
They can be motors that move other molecules around, burning chemical energy (________) to do so.
Cells
________ produce three types of large polymers, commonly called** macromolecules**:** polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids**
viruses
In some ________, the protein coat is surrounded by an outer membrane- like envelope.
amino acids
We obtain ________ either by synthesizing them from other molecules or by breaking down the proteins that we eat.
Bacteria
________ is an example, cyanobacteria or blue- green algae can be unicellular or filamentous chains of cells.
Cells
________ come in different varieties of shapes and sizes.
