chapter 8 microbiology

metabolism

used to describe all of the chemical reactions inside a cell. need some kind of energy source and carbon to occur

catabolism

large molecules are broken down into smaller ones, releases energy. basis of digestion

anabolism

small molecules are assembled into larger ones, uses energy

photoautotroph

uses light as energy source and CO2 as carbon source (plants)

photoheterotroph

uses light as energy source and organic compounds as carbon source

chemoautotroph

uses chemicals as energy source and CO2 as carbon source

chemoheterotroph

uses chemicals as energy source and organic compounds as carbon source (humans, animals)

anything that eats something else to give itself energy is a

chemical energy source

plants and algae can get their energy from a

light energy source

phototroph

gets energy from light

chemotroph

gets energy from chemicals

autotroph

eating within yourself (CO2- inorganic compound)

heterotroph

eating something else (organic compounds)

autotrophs can turn gases (CO2- inorganic) into

physical carbon sources (organic)

energy carriers move

energy

ATP

adenosine triphosphate (adenosine molecule with 3 phosphates attached), "energy currency"

In ATP, the phosphate groups are held together by

2 high- energy bonds

the phosphates in ATP are all negatively- charged, which means the body

uses enzymes to force the negative bonds together. when broken, lots of energy is released.

ATP reaction

1) either solar or chemical energy

2) ADP + P

3) push 3rd phosphate molecule onto ATP (phosphorylation). travel wherever it needs to go then goes to break off one of the phosphate molecules. reaction keeps going in circles.

glycolysis, krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and fermentation get

chemicals or light and turn it into energy, store the energy as ATP, then the ATP turns monomers into polymers

endergonic reaction

requires an input of energy (turning ADP + P into ATP)

exergonic reaction

cause an output of energy (breaking of high energy bond). coupling of reaction that requires input of energy.

activation energy

amount of energy required to start a process

catalysts

lower the amount of energy required to make a reaction happen- activation energy

enzymes\=

catalysts made out of proteins

what can humans not break down and use as an energy source?

cellulose

Enzymes

1) substrate enters active site of enzyme

2) substrate binds to the enzyme which changes the shape and decreases activation energy

3) substrate is converted to products

4) products leave the active site of the enzyme. the enzyme doesn't go away and it is not used. it will go back to its original state and do this process over and over again