9.3 Signal Transduction and the Cellular Response

Estrogen receptor subunits

________ form a dimer, bind to specific genes, and start their transcription.

Drug X

What is often involved in cancer because of it's ability to bind to Myc or Fos? Answer with a single words or term.

Growth factor

________ signaling pathways 8 are discussed in Chapter 15.

Estradiol

________ can diffuse through the to respond to a signaling molecule that binding to a cell surface receptor: the plasma membrane of a target cell.

second messenger

A(n) ________ formed from the same molecule is called CyclicAMP.

Raf

The cascade has the binding of the first protein kinase. ________ causes the Mek and Erk to phosphorylate and become active when they arephosphorylated.

Grb

Who is stimulated by EGF? Answer with a single words or term.

steroid hormones

What are in the cells of the body? Answer with a single words or term.

Sos

________ helps to release GDP and bind GTP.

cell cycle

The ________ is caused by the translation of the newly made proteins into the new ones.

target of drug X

The ________ could be any of these.

Estrogen

The structure and function of the cell are affected by the translation of the mRNAs. ________ enters the nucleus and binding to estrogen receptor subunits.

effect of cAMP

What is to prevent glycogen synthesis? Answer with a single words or term.

transcription of specific genes

What is stimulated by the binding of the estrogen receptor to the DNA? Answer with a single words or term.

Drug X

________ works by binding to Raf, Mek, or Erk and blocking the expression of many genes in mammals.

Estradiol

Who is one of the steroid hormones that bind the pathway? Answer with a single words or term.

Drug X

________ is able to bind to Sos or Raf.

Drug X

________ works by binding to Ras and blocking its ability to release GDP.

Drug X

________ works byphosphorylating specific cellular proteins such as enzymes, structural proteins, and 1.

Drug X

________ binding to the EGF receptor leads to the synthesis of phosphorylate.

Drug X

________ works by binding to the EGF receptor and blocking the ability of transcription factors.