linguistic determination - language determines the way we think
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William James
theory of emotion-the body reaction comes before then emotion quickly after
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Alfred Kinsey
controversial research on sexual motivation in the 1940's and 50's
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Abraham Maslow
Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"
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David Matsumoto
study of facial expressions and emotions; first training tool to improve ability to read microexpressions; studied spontaneous facial expressions in blind individuals; discovered that many facial expressions are innate and not visually learned
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Stanley Schachter
Developed "Two-Factor" theory of emotion; experiments on spillover effect
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Hans Selye
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)- alarm resistance exhaustion
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Mary Ainsworth
secure vs. insecure attachment
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Diana Baumrind
types of parenting styles: authoritarian permissive authoritative
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Erik Erikson
8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"
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Carol Gilligan
criticized Kohlberg's work b/c he only studied privileged white men and boys she felt this caused a biased opinion against women.
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Harry Harlow
wire mother monkey studies contact comfort
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Lawrence Kohlberg
Levels of Moral Development- Pre-Conventional Conventional Post-Conventional
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Konrad Lorenz
Imprinting in animals
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Lev Vygotsky
research on play; "Zone of proximal development" (ZPD) - the range of tasks that a child can complete independently; studied concept of inner speech in language development
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Alfred Adler
inferiority complex & sibling rivalry
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Paul Costa & Robert McCrae
Big Five Trait Theory (CANOE: conscientiousness agreeableness neuroticism openness to experience and extraversion)
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Carl Jung
collective unconscious archetypes
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Martín Seligman
positive psychology
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Alfred Binet
Created first intelligence test for Parisian school children
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Francis Galton
founded psychometrics; developed the ideas of correlation standard deviation regression toward the mean
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Howard Gardner
theory of multiple intelligences; 8 areas
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Charles Spearman
2-Factor Theory of Intelligence - "g" factor (general intelligence) an inherited intellectual ability that influences all around performance; "s" factor (specific abilities) which account for differences between scores on different tasks
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Robert Sternberg
triarchic theory of intelligence- [1] academic problem-solving intelligence [2] practical intelligence [3] creative intelligence
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Louis Terman
altered Binet's IQ test calling it the Stanford-Binet
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David Wechsler
Developed WAIS and WISC (IQ tests)
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Albert Ellis
founder of cognitive-behavioral therapies
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Mary Cover Jones
counterconditioning of fears
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Joseph Wolpe
developed the Exposure Therapy technique known as flooding
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Soloman Asch
conformity studies & line study
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Leon Fistinger
cognitive dissonance theory
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Fritz Heider
Attribution theory describes how people come to explain (make attributions about) the behavior of others and themselves; behavior is attributed to a disposition or to a situation
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Stanley Milgram
obedience studies; "teacher" and "learner" shock experiment
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Philip Zimbardo
Stanford Prison Study; power of power; when roles become reality