Chapter 19 - Empires in Collision

Ottoman Empire

The ________ was an inclusive state, according to those who supported the changes, with all of its citizens devoted to the ruling dynasty.

Opium

derived from Arab traders in the ninth century or earlier, had long been utilized as a drinkable medication on a limited scale; it was considered as a miraculous treatment for diarrhea and disease.

Qianlong (chyan- loong)

strongly rejected British aspirations for a less limited economic connection with his nation in a famous letter to the British monarch.

Qing Dynasty

weakened as the provincial aristocracy strengthened their influence at the expense of the central government

Self-strengthening

attempted to revive a traditional China while drawing cautiously from the West