Unit 4: Quantitative Analysis and Titration

Stoichiometry

The study of quantitative relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

Law of Conservation of Mass

Matter is neither created nor destroyed; atoms must be balanced on both sides of a chemical equation.

Mole Ratio

The ratio derived from the coefficients of a balanced chemical equation, used in stoichiometric calculations.

Limiting Reactant

The substance that is completely consumed in a chemical reaction, determining the maximum amount of product formed.

Excess Reactant

The reactant that remains after the limiting reactant is used up in a chemical reaction.

Theoretical Yield

The maximum amount of product that can be produced from given amounts of reactants.

Actual Yield

The amount of product produced when a chemical reaction is performed in the lab.

Percent Yield

A measure of the efficiency of a reaction, calculated as (Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) x 100%.

Titration

A quantitative analytical method used to determine the concentration of an analyte by reacting it with a standard solution.

Titrant

The solution of known concentration used in titration.

Analyte

The solution of unknown concentration that is being analyzed in a titration.

Equivalence Point

The point in a titration where the number of moles of titrant equals the number of moles of analyte.

Endpoint

The point in a titration where the indicator changes color, ideally close to the equivalence point.

Standardization

The process of determining the exact concentration of a solution by titrating it against a primary standard.

Molarity (M)

Moles of solute per liter of solution; M = n/V.

Dimensional Analysis

A method used in chemistry to convert between different units using conversion factors.

Acid-Base Titration

A titration involving the reaction of an acid with a base to determine concentration.

Redox Titration

A titration involving an oxidation-reduction reaction between an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent.

Calcium Hydroxide

A strong base that can be used in titrations with acids.

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

A strong acid commonly used in acid-base titrations.

Stoichiometry Problem

A problem involving calculations of the quantities of reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

Buret

A laboratory instrument used to deliver precise volumes of a liquid in a titration.

Molar Mass

The mass of one mole of a substance, typically expressed in grams per mole.

Concentration

The amount of solute in a given volume of solvent or solution.

Color Change Indicator

A substance used in titration that signals the endpoint by changing color.

Chemical Equation

A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction using symbols and formulas.

Dilution Formula

A formula used to calculate the concentration of a solution after dilution: M1V1 = M2V2.