________ contained the signs of the zodiac but also struck on the hour.
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Boniface VIII
________ asserted his position in a series of papal bulls or letters, the most important of which was Unam Sanctam, issued in 1302.
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1337
In ________, when Edward III, the king of England and duke of Gascony, refused to do homage to Philip VI for Gascony, the French king seized the duchy.
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Middle Ages
Throughout most of the ________, time was deter- mined by natural rhythms or church bells that were rung at more or less regular three- hour intervals, corresponding to the ecclesiastical offices of the church.
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English Parliament
The ________ passed the Statute of Laborers, which attempted to limit wages to preplague levels and forbid the mobility of peasants as well.
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mechanical clock
The ________ was invented at the end of the thirteenth century but not perfected until the fourteenth.
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Divine Comedy
Dantes masterpiece in the Italian vernacular was the ________, written between 1313 and 1321.
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Italy
Although Latin remained the language of the church liturgy and the official documents of both church and state through- out Europe, the fourteenth century witnessed the rapid growth of vernacular literature, especially in ________.
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mid fourteenth century
In the ________, the disaster known as the Black Death struck Asia, North Africa, and Europe.
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peasant family
Born into a(n) ________, Giotto acquired his painting skills in a workshop in Florence.
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Giotto
Although ________ had no direct successors, Florentine painting in the early fifteenth century pursued even more dramatically the new direction his work represents.
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popolo grasso
In 1293, the ________ assumed a dominant role in government by establishing a new constitution known as the Ordinances of Justice.
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Henry III
In 1259, the English king, ________, had relinquished his claims to all the French territories previously held by the English monarchy except for one relatively small possession known as the duchy of Gascony.
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gunpowder
Invented earlier by the Chinese, ________ also made its appearance in the West in the fourteenth century.
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Black Death
The decline in the number of peasants after the ________ accelerated the process of converting labor services to rents, freeing peasants from the obligations of servile tenure and weakening the system of manorialism.
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Gunpowder
________ made castles, city walls, and armored knights obsolete.
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Gascony
As duke of ________, the English king pledged loyalty as a vassal to the French king.
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Italy
Located in the fertile Po valley, at the intersection of the chief trade routes from Italian coastal cities to the Alpine passes, Milan was one of the richest city-states in ________.
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