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Cell membrane
Surrounds the cell and controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell.
Cell wall
Found outside the cell membrane in plant and bacterial cells, provides support for the cell.
Chloroplast
Found in plant cells. Contain chlorophyll that absorbs light for photosynthesis.
Cytoplasm
Where most of the chemical reactions take place in a cell.
Domain
Name given to the groups suggested by Woese. There are three domains: Archae, Bacteria and Eukaryota.
Eukaryote
Type of cell that contains a nucleus
Mitochondria
Where aerobic respiration takes place.
Nucleus
Contains DNA and controls cell activities.
Plasmid
Small rings of DNA found in bacterial cells.
Prokaryote
Cells without a nucleus.
Ribosomes
Where protein synthesis occurs.
Vacuole
Found in plant cells. Contain a fluid called cell sap.
Cell
The basic unit of living things.
Differentiation
When cells become specialised to do a particular job.
Organ
A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function.
Organ system
Groups of organs that work together e.g. digestive system.
Specialised
Cells that have a particular job/function.
Tissue
A group of cells with a similar structure and function.
Translocation
The movement of sugars in plants.
Transpiration
The movement of water through the plant and leaves.
Epidermis (plant)
A single layer of cells that forms the outer layer.
Palisade
Tissue found in the upper layer of the leaf, packed with chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
Spongy mesophyll
Tissue found in the lower layer of the leaf, with spaces between the cells to allow gases to diffuse.
Xylem
Water travels through xylem tissue from the roots to the leaves.
Phloem
Sugars are transported through the phloem cells.
Guard cells
Cells which surround the stomata and control its opening and closing.
Stomata
Tiny pores in the epidermis of the leaf.
Electron microscope
A microscope that uses electron beams in place of light to give a higher magnification.
Light microscope
An instrument that uses visible light and lenses to magnify a specimen.
Magnification
How many times larger something appears.
Micrograph
Another word for a microscope image.
Resolving power
The ability to distinguish between two points.
Magnification of image
Magnification = size of image/size of real object
Total magnification
Magnification = magnification of eyepiece x magnification of objective lens
Adult stem cell
Stem cells found in some adult tissues. They are partly specialised and can become a range of different type of cell, but not all.
Asexual reproduction
Reproduction involving only one parent, producing genetically identical offspring.
Benign
Type of tumour that is slow growing, not cancerous and usually easy to remove.
Cancer
A condition resulting from changes in cells that leads to their uncontrolled growth, division and spread.
Carcinogen
Chemicals and other agents that cause cancer.
Chromosome
Long strands of DNA found in cells. Human body cells have 46 chromosomes.
Daughter cell
The cells that are produced in cell division.
Embryonic stem cell
Stem cells found in early embryos. They are unspecialised and can become any type of cell in the body.
Gene
A short section of DNA that contains the instructions for making a protein.
Malignant
Type of tumour that grows quickly and can spread through other tissues. These tumours can lead to the formation of secondary tumours elsewhere.
Meristem
Region of plant tissue in which stem cells are produced and so where much of the plant growth occurs.
Mitosis
Type of cell division that produces two new (identical) cells.
Mutation
A change in the DNA of a cell.
Therapeutic cloning
Producing stem cells with the same genes as the patient.
Tumour
Name given to the growths produced from extra cells.
Zygote
Another term for a fertilised egg cell.
Note 
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