EOPA Study Guide

When breeding animals, sometimes AI is used.  What does AI stand for, and how does it differ from natural service?

Artificial insemination, there is no male and female contact, sperm is taken from the male and introduced to the female artificially.

What does DNA stand for?  What does RNA stand for?  What is the difference between these two?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid: Contains genetic information. Ribonucleic Acid: carries the genetic information.

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?  Which of these produces sex cells that are important in animal reproduction?

Mitosis: Where single cells divide into 2 identical daughter cells. Meiosis: Single cells divide into 4 cells containing half of their original genetic information. (sex cell) 

What is estrus in animals?  What are the signs of estrus in a cow?  In a pig?

Cows: Mount each other, rest their chin on other cows, swelling of the vulva. Pigs: Lock their legs (standing to be mounted) swelling of the vulva.

Explain what embryo transfer is and how it is used in the animal industry.

Artificial method of breeding, embryos and removed from one with good quality characteristics desired by the animal producer of the scientist female and put into another. 

Sometimes estrus synchronization is used to control the estrus cycle of a group of females.  Why would this be beneficial to a farmer?

 To know when all of them got pregnant and when they will have their babies, also helps with organization.

**Are livestock animals given feed supplements?  Give some examples.**

Mineral block (to lick, ex. Salt). Protein supplements.

In genetics, some traits are dominant and some are recessive.  What does each of these terms mean?

Dominant traits will cover up the recessive traits, there must be more than one recessive trait for it to show.

What is one example of a feedstuff that could be fed to pigs in order to provide them with energy?

One example of a feedstuff that could be fed to pigs in order to provide them with energy is Corn, concentrate.

When an animal is sick, or when it is being vaccinated to prevent sickness =, may need a shot. These  shots can be given SubQ, IV or IM. What do each of these things mean?

\-  SubQ: under the fatty tissue

\- IV: into a vein

\- IM: into a muscle

What is the difference between a ruminant and a non- ruminant? Give an example of each.

\- Ruminant: has 4 stomach compartments (rumen, the reticulm, the omasum and the abomasum) (ex. Cows)

\- Non- ruminant has 1 stomach compartment (ex. Chickens)

In animal feed, what is the difference between roughage/forage and concentrate? Which can be stored in a pasture/barn

\- Roughage/forage. stored in pasture/barn, it is anything that is not a seed (ex. Grass)

\- Concentrate stored in silos or grain bins, it is the seed that come from the roughage/forage (ex. Corn)

Common animal feedstuffs are pasture, grain, silage, haylage and hay. Define each of these and explain how they are produced.

Pasture: edible parts of plants, other than gran

Draw the digestive system of a horse and label the parts

List the parts and functions of the male reproductive system

Penis, Scrotum, Testes, Episdidymis, Vas Deferens, Prostate, and Seminal Vesicles

List the parts and functions of the female reproductive system.

Ovaries, Fallopian Tubes, Uterus, Cervix, and Vagina

The trachea and esophagus are right beside each other in animals. What system of the body is each a part of? What does this have to do with “bloat” in cattle?

\-Trachea: Respiratory

\-Esophagus: Digestive system

\-- Because of the bloat, pressure is put on the trachea and can suffocate the cow.

What is hardware disease in cattle, what causes it and how is it treated?

A blockage caused by ingesting metal, can be treated by placing a metal, can be treated by placing a magnet into their stomach, if that doesn't work then the metal must be surgically removed

**When breeding animals, sometimes AI is used.  What does AI stand for, and how does it differ from natural service?**

Artificial insemination, there is no male and female contact, sperm is taken from the male and introduced to the female artificially.

In genetics, some traits are dominant and some are recessive.  What does each of these terms mean?

Dominant traits will cover up the recessive traits, there must be more than one recessive trait for it to show.

What does DNA stand for?  What does RNA stand for?  What is the difference between these two?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid: Contains genetic information. Ribonucleic Acid: carries the genetic information.

What is estrus in animals?  What are the signs of estrus in a cow? In a pig?

Cows: Mount each other, rest their chin on other cows, swelling of the vulva. Pigs: Lock their legs (standing to be mounted) swelling of the vulva.

Explain what embryo transfer is and how it is used in the animal industry.

Artificial method of breeding, embryos and removed from one with good quality characteristics desired by the animal producer of the scientist female and put into another.

Sometimes estrus synchronization is used to control the estrus cycle of a group of females.  Why would this be beneficial to a farmer?

To know when all of them got pregnant and when they will have their babies, also helps with organization.

Are livestock animals given feed supplements?  Give some examples.

Mineral block (to lick, ex. Salt). Protein supplements.

Explain and give the chemical formula for photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis is The process plants use to convert light energy to chemical energy and store it in the form of sugar.

6CO2+6H2O → C6H12O6+6O2

Explain and give the chemical formula for cellular respiration.

Cellular Respiration is the breaking down of glucose molecules in all living organisms to release energy.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

Define transpiration and explain why it’s important in plants.

Transpiration is the loss of water through a leaf’s surface.

**Plants are either monocots or dicots. Describe the characteristics of each.**

Monocot is a plant that has one seed leaf when it first emerges. Also referred to as a *monocotyledon*. Dicot is a plant that has two seed leaves when it firsts emerges. Also referred to as a *dicotyledon*.

What are the different parts of a stem?

Nodes, Internodes, Terminal or apical bud, Lateral or axillary bud, and Petiole.

Define scarification and explain why this is important for germination.

To scarify a seed means to break down the seed’s outer protective coating in order to expedite the germination process.

Describe how a fruit is formed, starting with a flower. Include pollination and fertilization.

Fruits are the mature and ripped ovaries of flowers. The first step in fruit growth is fertilization of the carpel. Then, a fruiit arises from a series of transformation that occur during the development of the fertilized carpel, resulting in the ovary of the flower maturing and ripening. Throughout this process, the cells in the carpel of the flower change so that the the structural layers become the fruit.

In plant science, what are the three primary macronutrients and the three secondary macronutrients? What is each used for within the plant?

The three primary macrountrients are Carbohydrates, Fat, and Protein. The three secondary macrountrients are Calcium, Magnesium, and Sulfur. The Primary Macronutrients are used for energy metabolism and protein synthesis." (agqlabs.us.com) Secondary Macrountrients are used for "stabilizing the cell wall and favoring cell wall formation.

Explain pollination, cross-pollination, and self-pollination in plants.

Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. Cross-pollination is the process of applying pollen from one flower to the pistils to another flower. Self-pollination is if pollen is transferred to it from any flower of the same plant.

Explain pollination, cross-pollination, and self-pollination in plants.

Pollination is the process of fertilization in which *pollen* is transferred from the *anther* in a flower’s *stamen* to the style of a flower’s *pistil*. A fertilization process that occurs when pollen from the male portions of the flower is transferred to the female portions of the flower. Cross-pollination is the process of applying pollen from one flower to the pistils to another flower. Self-pollination is if pollen is transferred to it from any flower of the same plant

What are the conditions that arerequired for seed germination?

Water, Oxygen, and Proper Temperature.

Cuttings, grafting and layering are all examples of what type of plant propagation?

**Asexual Propagation**

List 5 and what they do.

Auxins - promotes cell growth and differentiation, especially on the tips of plants. Cytokinin - promotes cell division and lateral growth in plants. Gibberellins - helps in breaking dormancy in seeds and buds. Abscisic acid - promotes dormancy in seeds and buds. Ethylene - promotes fruit ripening.

Why is record keeping important within any business or SAE?

You need good records to prepare an accurate financial statement

What type of file is best to use when you need a database of records?

Spreadsheet, Word Document, Slide Show or Presentation. Spreadsheet

What is the difference between a fixed expense and a variable expense? Give examples of each

Fixed expenses generally cost the same amount each month (such as rent, mortgage payments, or car payments), while variable expenses change from month to month (dining out, medical expenses, groceries, or anything you buy from a store)

When running a business what is the difference between accounts payable and accounts receivable?

Account payable charges that are typically due in full when received, and have a short time frame for payment, while Account receivable refer to the money a comapany's customers owe for goods or services they have received but not yet paid for.

How do you calculate the amount of interest that you have to pay when you take out a loan?

There are different methods for calculating interest, depending on what that interest rate is and how often it is applied to the loan.

What is a tax bracket and how does it affect the amount of money that you have to pay in taxes?

Tax bracket is a range of incomes taxed at a given rate. Tax brackets show you the tax rate you will pay on each portion of your taxable income.

In order to secure a loan you may need collateral. Define Collateral.

Collateral is the property does not need to be property could be any item of value if you default on the loan you will forfeit the item used to secure the loan.

When meat has been in the freezer too long, what is the term for what happens to the meat?

Freezer burn

What are the signs of meat spoilage that you can look for when cooking?

Smell, Texture and Color.

Define ossification

Ossification is process of bone formation (when harvesting an animal the less catilage they have the older they are.)

**What is the difference between intramuscular fat (marbling) and intermuscular fat?  Which of these increases the quality grade of meat?**

Intramuscular: inside the muscle (increases the quality) Intermucular: around the muscle.

What is the difference between quality grade and yield grade in meat science?

 Quality grade: amount intramuscular fat. Yield grade: How much meat is on their body.

Which of the particles is the largest?  Which is the smallest?

Sand is the largest. Clay is the smallest.

Define parent material.

Parent material is the material (bedrock, sediment, or organic material) that is weathered to form soil. This is the material that the subsoil and topsoil are made from

What is an agricultural commodity? List several examples.

Agricultural Commodities are crops and livestock that are raised and harvested to provide food and sometimes fuel. Some example is wheat, cotton, and flaxt.

In agribusiness, what is the difference between purchasing something and leasing it?

“Leasing gives farmers the opportunity to obtain critical equipment without the large initial investment.” (southernagcredit.com) “When farmers purchase equipment outright, it allows them to own and completely customize their equipment to fit the need of their form.” (southernagcredit.com) 

When crops are grown, are they mostly sold directly to the consumer from the farm, or is there a middle-man involved in marketing the commodity crops to the consumer?

They are mostly sold directly to the consumer from the farm. No sold through a middle man or a store 

There are four types of pest control:  Cultural, Mechanical, Chemical, and Biological.  Give a description or example of each type of pest control.

Cultural controls are practices that reduce pest establishment, reproduction, dispersal, and survival. Mechanical control is control pest with physical methods or mechanical devices. Chemical control is the use of pesticides. Biological control is the deliberate use of natural enemies - predators, parasites, pathogens, and competitors to suppress and maintain populations of a target pest species.

Research and define the following crops:  Wheat, Barley, Timothy, Alfalfa.  What type of implement is used to harvest each of these crops?

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Wheat is a cereal crop grown for food. Barley is a tough cereal, grown in a number of environments where other grains can’t grow. Timothy crop is a cool season perennial grass with rapid growth. Alfalfa crop is a perennial, cloverlike, leguminous plant of the pea family. The most common type of harvesting implements are small sickle, big sickle, darat, gandasa and small axe etc.

What is a legume and how does it help with other crops?

Legume is a plant that has a symbiotic relationship with bacteria (rhizobia) housed in nodules on its roots, allowing it to take nitrogen from the soil and convert/uptake it as a protein source. The rhizobia convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen that can be used by other plants.

**Define “No-Till” gardening, and explain how it works.**

 "No-Till" gardening is a method of planting where the farmer does not plow or disk the soil, but the plants a new crop in the remnants of the previous year's crop.

**SAE’s are either categorized as Entrepreneurship, Placement, Exploratory, or Research.  Define each of these and give an example of a project that would fall under each category.**

Entrepreneurship SAE is A Supervised Agricultural Experience in which students own and operate an agricultural business. (raising and selling animals or crops, building and selling agricultural equipment, and buying and reselling feed.) Placement SAE is A Supervised Agricultural Experience that requires the student to work for someone else in an agriculture related job. The work may or may not be paid. (working on a farm or a ranch, in a farm supply store or a food testing laboratory or in an agriculturally related non-profit organization.) Exploratory SAE is A Supervised Agricultural Experience designed to increase student agricultural career awareness through exploration activities. Exploration activities may include observing, interviewing, or assisting an individual in an agriculture related profession, participating in a field day or event, or giving a classroom demonstration. Research SAE is A Supervised Agricultural Experience designed for students to use the scientific method to analyze a research question or test a hypothesis. Research SAEs may be experimental projects (comparing plant growth using different growing methods), as well as non-experimental ones (developing a marketing plan or ad campaign for an agriculture commodity). (raising and selling animals or crops, building and selling agricultural equipment, and buying and reselling feed, seed or fertilizer,)

Ag Education includes three parts:  Classroom instruction, SAE, and FFA

Soil is made up of air, water, minerals, and organic matter.  The air and water keep the roots healthy and they provide water to the plant.  The organic matter breaks down to provide nutrients to the growing plant.  The minerals are just broken up pieces of rock that give the roots a place to live and grow.  These minerals are different sizes and called Sand, Silt, and Clay.  Draw a picture of the different sizes of these particles.

What term describes the castrated animals listed below

Cattle - Steer

Pigs (Hogs) - Barrow

Sheep - Wether

Goats - Wether

What is the term for a mature female of the following

Hog - Sow

Cattle - Cow

Sheep - Ewe

Goats - Doe

What is the proper term for a young female of the following

Horse - Fillies

Cow - Heifer

Sheep - Ewe Lamb

What is the proper name for a mature male poultry of the following

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Turkey - Gobblers

Chickens - Rooster

What is the production of one or more exact genetic copies of an animal

Cloning

Where are the pin bones on a cow

Just below the Tail Layer

What is a mature female chicken kept for egg production?

Layer

How is the height of a horse measured?

Hands (Measured of 4”)

What is the proper term for a mature male of the following animals

Horse - Stallion

Cattle - Bull

Sheep - Ram

Goat - Buck

In the Dairy industry, what does the acronym BST stand for

Bovine Somatotropin

What is the proper term for a young male animal of the following spp?

Horse - Colt

Cattle - Bull-Calf

Hog - Boor

Sheep - Ram/Lamb

What is an injection administered under the skin?

**Subcutaneous (SQ or Sub-Q) injection**

Where is the comb found on a chicken?

The comb sits on top of the hen''s head.

Which of the following horse headgear would utilize a bit

D-Ring Snaffle

What is the most common breed of chicken that is used for egg production?

White Leghorns

What term describes the process of giving birth in the following animals

Pigs - Farrowing

Cattle - Calving

Sheep - Lambing

Horses - Foaling

Homozygous

The genes an organism has from both parents are the same for a specific trait.

Heterozygous

The genes an organism has from the parents are different for a specific trait.

Phenotype

The outward expression of the genes an organism has for a specific trait.

Codominance

Situation in which some traits show as a mixture when the *genotype* is *heterozygous*. May be referred to as *incomplete dominance*, depending on the nature of the specific combination.

Dominance

the relationship between two versions of a gene

Recessive

a trait that is expressed only when genotype is homozygous

Female Plant

Pistil (Stigma, Style, Superior ovary, Ovules)

Male Plants

Stamen (Anther, Filament)

Pollination

The process of fertilization in which *pollen* is transferred from the *anther* in a flower’s *stamen* to the style of a flower’s *pistil*. A fertilization process that occurs when pollen from the male portions of the flower is transferred to the female portions of the flower.

A _________ **path is a plan or map showing steps** and activities to complete to develop and exhibit leadership skills.

leadership

A document that states the mission of the business, examines its current condition, sets goals, and outlines strategies for achieving the goals is known as a(an) _________ business plan.

strategic

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When water encounters conditions where air is unsaturated, evaporation occurs and water is lost from the plant in a process called ____________________.

evapotranspiration

Plants with alternative photosynthetic mechanisms are called C4 plants or crassulacean acid ___________ plants.

Metabolism

To make ATP, a glucose molecule is split into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate through a step called __________

Glycolysis

The mass of a given volume of dry soil that takes into consideration the solid and pore spaces of soil is the bulk _______

Density

The soil found naturally in a landscape without significant amendment is known as ______ soil.

Garden

The study of soils in their natural environment and soil conservation is called ________.

Pedology\`

The fertile, upper outermost layer of soils is called the topsoil, surface horizons, or ______ horizon

Subsoil

Salt mines that extract crude or relatively pure salts are a source of the macronutrient _________

Potassium

What are the levels of participation in FFA structure?

Local, State, and National

Explain “home project“ from the early 1900s.

Most indoor farms grow plants in a water-based nutrient solution - a technique known as hydroponics.

What are the duties of an agricultural business manger?

A farm business manager/accountant is responsible for the administration of management accounts, organizational budgeting and the administration of accounting processes.