Chapter 1 - Introduction to Statistics

Nonresponse

________: when someone either refuses to respond to a survey question or is unavailable.

Randomization

________ with placebo and treatment groups is sometimes called "the gold standard "because it is so effective.

Context

________: what is the data talking about or referring to.

names

Nominal**: characterized by data that consists of ________, labels, or categories only.

Voluntary response samples

________ are typically seriously flawed due to the strong possibility of bias.

statistical analysis

Misleading conclusions: we should avoid making statements not justified by the ________.

Preparation

________ involves consideration of the* context,* the* source* of data, and* sampling method.

Statistical significance

________: this is achieved in a study when we get a result that is very unlikely to occur by chance (typically

Practical significance

________: it is possible that some treatment or finding is effective, but common sense may suggest that the treatment or finding does not make enough of a difference to justify its use.

data values

Ordinal: when the data can be arranged in some order, but differences (obtained through subtraction) between ________ either can not be determined or are meaningless.

Levels of measurement

________ are important because they tell us which computations and statistical methods are appropriate for that type of data.

Voluntary response sample

________(or self- selected sample): one in which the respondents themselves decide whether to be included.