History

Christopher Columbus

________ was a devout Christian who was increasingly haunted by messianic obsessions in the last years of his life.

European involvement

________ in the Americas led to profound transformation of pre- existing indigenous societies and the rise of a transatlantic slave trade.

Ptolemys work

________ provided significant improvements over medieval cartography, clearly depicting the world as round and introducing the idea of latitude and longitude to plot position accurately.

Iberian Peninsula

The passion and energy ignited by the Christian reconquista (reconquest) of the ________ encouraged the Portuguese and Spanish to continue the Christian crusade.

Middle East

The ________ served as an intermediary for trade between Asia, Africa, and Europe and was also an important supplier of goods for foreign exchange, especially silk and cotton.

Sultan Mohammed II

Under ________ (r. 1451- 1481), the Ottomans captured Europes largest city, Constantinople, in May 1453.

Sugar

________ was a particularly difficult and demanding crop to produce for profit.

magnetic compass

The ________ enabled sailors to determine their direction and position at sea.

Columbuss arrival

Before ________, the Americas were inhabited by thousands of groups of indigenous peoples, each with distinct cultures and languages.

Cortés

________ landed on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico on April 21, 1519.

steady population

In the sixteenth century Spain experienced a(n) ________ increase, creating a sharp rise in the demand for food and goods.

expensive luxury

Originally sugar was a(n) ________ that only the very affluent could afford, but population increases and monetary expansion in the fifteenth century led to increasing demand.

English colony

The first ________ was founded at Roanoke (in what is now North Carolina) in 1585.

Ville Marie

________, latter- day Montreal, was founded in 1642.

Frenchman Jacques Cartier

Between 1534 and 1541 ________ made several voyages and explored the St. Lawrence region of Canada, searching for a passage to the wealth of Asia.

German metal

The Venetians exchanged Eastern luxury goods for European products they could trade abroad, including Spanish and English wool, ________ goods, Flemish textiles, and silk cloth made in their own manufactures with imported raw materials.

Dutch

In the late sixteenth century the Protestant ________ were engaged in a long war of independence from their Spanish Catholic overlords.

Venice

In 1304 ________ established formal relations with the sultan of Mamluk Egypt, opening operations in Cairo, the gateway to Asian trade.

Racism

________ was not the only possible reaction to the new worlds emerging in the sixteenth century.

ancient Greeks

The astrolabe, an instrument invented by the ________ and perfected by Muslim navigators, was used to determine the altitude of the sun and other celestial bodies.

Mexica Empire

The ________ was ruled by Montezuma II (r. 1502- 1520) from his capital at Tenochtitlán, now Mexico City.

New World

The migration of peoples to the ________ led to an exchange of animals, plants, and disease, a complex process known as the Columbian exchange.

Slavery

________ was practiced in Africa, as it was virtually everywhere else in the world, before the arrival of Europeans.

India

________ was an important contributor of goods to the world trading system; much of the worlds pepper was grown there, and Indian cotton textiles were highly prized.

Indian Ocean

The ________ was the center of the Afroeurasian trade world.

French navigator

________ and explorer Samuel de Champlain founded the first permanent French settlement, at Quebec, in 1608, a year after the English founding of Jamestown.

Franciscan Bartolomé de Las Casas

The ________ (1474- 1566) was one of the most outspoken critics of Spanish brutality against indigenous people.

Christopher Columbus

________ is a controversial figure in history- glorified by some as a courageous explorer, vilified by others as a cruel exploiter of Native Americans.