Chapter 8 - Democratic Transition

1920s

The breakdown of democracy in most of Europe in the ________ and 1930s, for example, resulted in a return to traditional forms of authoritarian control.

Perestroika

________ and glasnost were two reform programs implemented by Gorbachev in response to these problems.

2003

The ________ invasion of Iraq by the United States reignited the argument over whether democracy can be imposed on a country by military force.

authoritarian governing

A top- down process occurs when the ________ elite implements liberalizing measures that eventually lead to democratization.

Berlin

In November 1989, protesters on the streets of Leipzig and ________ drove the Communist East German government to open the Berlin Wall and enable free multi- party elections, one of the most spectacular examples of a bottom- up transition to democracy.

Perestroika

________ was a program aimed at liberalizing and reviving the Soviet economy, whereas glasnost was a policy aimed at increasing political openness and promoting freedom of speech.