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Protein families
________ are thought to arise by two different evolutionary processes, gene duplication, and speciation.
Effect of Carbon Source
________ on Gene Expression in Yeast: The initial step in a microarray expression study is to prepare fluorescently labeled cDNAs corresponding to the mRNAs expressed by the cells understudy.
DNA Polymorphisms Are
common method
A(n) ________ for visualizing separated DNA bands on a gel is to incubate the gel in a solution containing the fluorescent dye ethidium bromide.
S cerevisiae
In** ________**, cell division occurs through a bidding process, and the size of the bud, which is easily visualized by light microscopy, indicates a cells position in the cell cycle.
experimental organism
The procedures used to identify and isolate mutants, referred to as genetic screens, depend on whether the ________ is haploid or diploid and, if the latter, whether the mutation is recessive or dominant.
RFLPs
________ arise because mutations can create or destroy the sites recognized by specific restriction enzymes, leading to variations between individuals in the length of restriction fragments produced from identical regions of the genome.
diploid organism
Since** mutagenesis** in a(n) ________ typically changes only one allele of a gene, yielding heterozygous mutants, genetic screens must include inbreeding steps to generate progeny that are homozygous for the mutant alleles.
PCR
The ________ depends on the ability to alternately denature (melt) double- stranded DNA molecules and renature (anneal) complementary single strands in a controlled fashion.
Synthetic Lethal
________ Mutations**: A phenomenon, called** synthetic lethality**, produces a phenotypic effect opposite to that of suppression.
genetic variants
Geneticists** commonly refer to the numerous naturally occurring ________ that exist in populations, particularly human populations, as alleles.
Transient Transfection
________: The simplest of the two expression methods, called** ________**, employs a vector similar to the yeast shuttle vectors described previously.
somatic cells
Like ________, premeiotic germ cells are diploid, containing two homologs of each morphologic type of chromosome.
gene finding
The combination of genomic sequencing and ________ computer algorithms has yielded the complete inventory of protein- coding genes for a variety of organisms.
genetic approach
In the ________ to studying a particular cellular process, researchers often isolate multiple recessive mutations that produce the same phenotype.
Double Mutants
short palindromic sequences
Restriction sites commonly are ________; that is, the restriction- site sequence is the same on each DNA strand when read in the 5 → 3 direction.
Suppressor Mutations
________**: The first type of analysis is based on genetic suppression.
diploid organisms
Since ________ carry two copies of each gene, they may carry identical alleles, that is, be homozygous for a gene, or carry different alleles, that is, be** heterozygous** for a gene.
