Biology, Biology

Sets of organs in our bodies that do the work to keep us healthy and alive.

Body Systems

Tiniest part of all living and non-living things.

Atom

Small part of all living things.

cells

Many cells working together.

Molecules

Made of thousands of cells, connected by several body systems to do work to keep our bodies healthy & alive.

Organs

Classifications of Living things.

Kingdoms

Living things with vertebra, hair or fur, gives birth to babies, feed the babies milk form their bodies & warm blooded.

Mammals

May or may not fly, with vertebra, lay eggs, have feathers

Birds

Land & water animals, no vertebra, most lay eggs some have babies, smooth or rough scaly skin, no legs or arms.

Reptiles

Mostly water animals but can live on land, smooth or rough scaly skin, lay eggs & may have lungs.

Amphibians

Slimy animals, no skin or vertebra & no shells.

Mollusks

Hard body sections & no vertebra.

Arthropods

No vertebra, ears or eyes live underground & slimy.

Worms

Have long electric tentacles, soft bodies & no vertebra.

Jellies

Shells soft bodies, no vertebra &Hard shells.

Crustaceans

Gills & fins, cold blooded.

Fish

2 - 6 Legs, no vertebra, lay eggs, many eyes.

Insects

8 Legs, no vertebra, may have wings, lay eggs.

Archnids

Mammals but with baby pouch on outside of bodies.

Marsupials

Plants

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen

photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O --> light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

photosynthesis equation(very important)

A structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food.
main function of chloroplasts is to produce food (glucose)
Chloroplasts contain the pigment, chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs most of the colors in the color spectrum, and reflects only green and yellow wavelengths of light. This is why we see leaves as green or yellow - because these colors are reflected into our eyes.

chloroplasts

another name for sugar C6H12O6
three things used for making glucose are sunlight water and carbon dioxide
used for energy and growth

glucose

main source of energy

sunlight

C6H1206->CO2 + H20+ ENERGY (released)
goal is to create ATP
occurs in all living things

cellular respiration

cell

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

mitochondria

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
the energy is stored in ATP until it is released by the reactions remove a phosphate from ATP
a simple way of remembering it is just that it's just energy

ATP

The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism's life functions.

Metabolism

The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life.

Anabolism

The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks.

Catabolism

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food.

Photosynthesis

Organisms that eat only plants.

Herbivores

Organisms that eat only organisms other than plants.

Carnivores

Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms.

Omnivores

Organisms that produce their own food.

Producers

Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food.

Consumers

Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms.

Decomposers

Organisms that are able to make their own food.

Autotrophs

Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food.

Heterotrophs

Special structures that allow living organisms to sense the conditions of their internal or external environment.

Receptors

Reproduction accomplished by a single organism.

Asexual reproduction

Reproduction that requires two organisms

Sexual reproduction

The process by which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring.

Inheritance

An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of its parents

Mutation

An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a question.

Hypothesis

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data.

Theory

A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data.

Scientific law

Living creatures that are too small to see with the naked eye.

Microorganisms

The idea that long ago, very simple life forms spontaneously appeared through chemical reactions.

Abiogenesis

A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.

Prokaryotic cell

A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.

Eukaryotic cell

A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other such units.

Species

The science of classifying organisms.

Taxonomy

Naming an organism with its genus and species name.

Binomial nomenclature

An organism that causes disease.

Pathogen

An organism that feeds of dead matter.

Saprophyte

An organism that feeds on a living host.

Parasite

An organism that requires oxygen.

Aerobic organism

An organism that does not require oxygen.

Anaerobic organism

A state in which members of a population die as quickly as new members are born.

Steady state

Population growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population.

Exponential growth

Population growth that is controlled by limited resources.

Logistic growth

A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.

Conjugation

A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code.

Plasmid

The transfer of a DNA segment from a nonfunctional donor cell to that of a functional recipient cell.

Transformation

The process in which infection by a virus results in DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another.

Transduction

The DNA and other essential parts of a bacterium coated with several hard layers.

Endospore

Organisms from the same species that have markedly different traits.

Strains

A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food.

Pseudopod

The region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's main DNA.

Nucleus

A membrane-bounded "sac" within a cell.

Vacuole

The thin, watery cytoplasm near the plasma membrane of some cells.

Ectoplasm

The dense cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells.

Endoplasm

A protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum.

Flagellate

A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane.

Pellicle

An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

Chloroplast

A pigment necessary for photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll

A light-sensitive region in certain protozoa

Eyespot

A close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits.

Symbiosis

A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association.

Mutualism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.

Commonesalism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed.

Parasitism

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion.

Cilia

A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating.

Spore

Tiny organisms that float in the water.

Plankton

Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa.

Zooplankton

Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae.

Phytoplankton

The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems.

Thallus

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms.

Cellulose

A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself.

Holdfast

A colony that uses holdfasts to anchor itself to an object.

Sessile colony

Digestion that takes place outside of the cell.

Extracellular digestion

The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food.

Mycelium

A filament of fungal cells.

Hypha

A hypha that is imbedded in the material on which the fungus grows.

Rhizoid hypha

A hypha that is not imbedded in the material upon which the fungus grows.

Aerial hypha

Specialized aerial hypha that produces spores.

Sporophore

An aerial hypha that asexually reproduces to make more filaments.

Stolon