Chapter 13 - Signaling at the Cell Surface

Second messengers

________ and kinase cascades help make signaling pathways more powerful.

GPCR arrestin complex

________ initiates cytosolic kinases, and those cascades lead to the activation of cell growth controlling genes.

CGMP synthesis

________ leads to protein kinase G being activated in vascular smooth muscle cells, which help with the muscles relaxation.

PKA

________ has two effects on liver and muscle cells:

Hormone

________ occupied receptors initiate the binding of GTP in the cell, causing Ga to interact with an effector protein.

Light

________- activated ospin and the binding of arrestin to phosphorylated ospin activate transducin,

Trimeric G

________ proteins convert into effector proteins, which help with either becoming another form of messengers or channel proteins in the cells.

lipid rafts

When receptors and proteins cluster together, they form ________, which promote the interaction between signaling proteins and this enhances signal transduction.

IP3

________ opens ________- gated Ca2+ channels in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Ca2+ calmodulin complex

________ helps with the regulation of many different proteins:

Kinase A

________ (PKA) can lead to phosphorylation of CREB protein, and with the CBP /300 coactivator, can cause the transcription of target genes.

Nonprotein intracellular signaling molecules

________ help with the regulation of enzymatic and nonenzymatic proteins.

PKA activation

________ is hormone- induced.