AP United States History Unit 2: Migration and Settlement

Spanish Colonization Goals

Extraction of wealth and religious conversion.

Casta System

A rigid class system established by the Spanish that subjugated Native Americans.

Encomienda System

A labor system where Spanish colonizers forced Native Americans to work in exchange for protection and conversion.

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

A successful uprising by Pueblo people against Spanish rule in New Mexico.

French & Dutch Goals

Trade alliances, particularly in fur trade.

Métis

People of mixed Native American and French Canadian ancestry.

New Netherland

A Dutch colony established in 1614, known for its diverse and tolerant nature.

Joint-Stock Companies

Investors pooled money to fund a colony, sharing risk and profit.

Proprietorships

Land grants by the King to individual owners.

Royal Colonies

Colonies directly controlled by the Crown.

Chesapeake Region

Characterized by tobacco farming and reliance on indentured servants and enslaved labor.

Act of Toleration (1649)

Maryland law that granted freedom to all Christians but imposed death on non-Christians.

New England Economy

Mixed economy based on subsistence farming, shipbuilding, and fishing.

'City upon a Hill'

John Winthrop's vision of a model Christian society.

Roger Williams

Banished Puritan who founded Rhode Island advocating for separation of church and state.

Anne Hutchinson

Challenged clerical authority and was banished for her beliefs in Antinomianism.

Breadbasket Colonies

Middle Colonies, known for grain exports.

William Penn

Quaker founder of Pennsylvania, known for religious tolerance and friendly Native relations.

Plantation Agriculture

Large scale farming system reliant on enslaved labor, predominant in Southern colonies.

South Carolina Economy

Economy focused on rice and indigo cultivation.

Stono Rebellion (1739)

The largest slave uprising in British mainland colonies.

Mercantilism

Economic theory that a nation's power is determined by its wealth and favorable trade balance.

Navigation Acts (1651–1673)

Laws to enforce mercantilism, mandating that trade be conducted on British ships.

Salutary Neglect

Period of British non-enforcement of colonial regulations, allowing more colonial autonomy.

Triangular Trade

Trade network connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving raw materials and enslaved people.

Metacom's War (1675–1676)

Native uprising against colonial encroachment led by Metacom.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Conflict between backcountry farmers and the Virginia governor leading to an increased reliance on slavery.

Praying Towns

Settlements established by Puritans to convert Native Americans to Christianity.

Covenant Chain

Alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy and New York.

Chattel Slavery

Legal classification of enslaved people as property, not individuals.

Northern Slavery

Lesser reliance on slavery, where enslaved individuals worked in various capacities.

Southern Slavery

Plantation-based slavery deeply integrated into the economy with strict slave codes.

Barbados Slave Code (1661)

Influential code that denied rights to enslaved people and prioritized masters' control.

Covert Resistance

Subtle forms of defiance by enslaved people, such as work slowdowns and cultural preservation.

Overt Resistance

Active forms of rebellion against slavery, like the Stono Rebellion.

The First Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)

A significant religious revival promoting emotional repentance.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher known for his sermon 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God'.

Democratization of Religion

The trend of challenging church authority that laid groundwork for political challenges.

The Enlightenment

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights.

John Locke

Philosopher advocating natural rights of life, liberty, and property.

Zenger Trial (1735)

Landmark case establishing the truth as a defense against libel.

Gender Roles in Colonial Society

Patriarchal society where married women lost property rights.

Salem Witch Trials (1692)

Mass hysteria leading to numerous executions influenced by religious and social tensions.

Common Mistakes in Understanding Colonization

Errors include confusing regions, assuming Puritan tolerance, and overlooking Native Agency.