Democracy, Sovereignty, and the Market Revolution

Revolution of 1800

The election that marked the first peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another in modern history.

Electoral College Tie

The tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr in the election of 1800 that was decided by the House of Representatives.

Hamilton’s Influence

Alexander Hamilton lobbied for Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr, referring to Burr as 'a most unfit and dangerous man.'

12th Amendment (1804)

Ratified to allow electors to vote specifically for a President and a Vice President to prevent ties.

Jefferson’s Presidency

Characterized by strict interpretation of the Constitution, limited federal government, but often contradictory actions.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established Judicial Review, allowing the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.

Judicial Review

The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S.

Strict Constructionist

View that the Constitution should be interpreted literally and narrowly.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Commissioned to explore the Louisiana Territory, establish relations with Native Americans, and check British influence.

War of 1812

Conflict between the U.S. and Great Britain often referred to as the 'Second War for Independence.'

Impressment

British practice of forcibly enlisting American sailors into the Royal Navy.

Battle of New Orleans

Decisive victory by Andrew Jackson after the peace treaty was signed, enhancing his fame.

Hartford Convention (1814)

Federalist meeting to discuss grievances and secession, which led to the party's demise.

Nationalism

A sense of pride and devotion to one's nation, significantly heightened after the War of 1812.

Era of Good Feelings

Period of one-party rule (Democratic-Republicans) marked by the collapse of the Federalists.

Marshall Court

Supreme Court under John Marshall that expanded federal power and authority.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Court ruling that states cannot tax federal agencies, establishing implied powers.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Ruling that only the federal government can regulate interstate commerce.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Legislation that maintained the balance of power between free and slave states.

36°30' Line

Demarcation line in the Missouri Compromise above which slavery was prohibited.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

U.S. policy declaring the Western Hemisphere closed to European colonization.

Universal White Male Suffrage

The right to vote granted to all white males, regardless of property ownership.

Corrupt Bargain

The accusation by Jackson that a deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay denied him the presidency.

Jacksonian Democracy

Political movement led by Andrew Jackson promoting the rights of the 'Common Man'.

Spoils System

The practice of giving government jobs to political supporters.

Nullification Crisis

A confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government over the right to nullify federal laws.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Protective tariff that angered Southern states by raising prices on imported goods.

John C. Calhoun

Prominent Southern politician who advocated for nullification theory.

Bank War (1832)

Conflict over the recharter of the Second Bank of the United States, leading to its demise.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Legislation permitting the forced removal of Native American tribes from their lands.

Trail of Tears

Forced relocation of Cherokee Nation to Oklahoma, leading to thousands of deaths.

Second Party System

Political competition between Democrats and Whigs that emerged in the mid-1830s.

Market Revolution

Economic transformation from subsistence farming to a national network of industry and commerce.

Transportation Revolution

Technological advancements that improved shipping and connected regional economies.

Cumberland Road

The first federal road built to facilitate transportation between states.

Erie Canal (1825)

Major canal that lowered shipping costs and linked the Great Lakes to New York City.

Cotton Gin

Invention by Eli Whitney that revolutionized cotton processing and increased demand for slave labor.

Interchangeable Parts

System of manufacturing that standardized parts for easier production and repair.

Henry Clay’s American System

Economic plan aimed at unifying the nation through tariffs, a national bank, and infrastructure improvements.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival emphasizing spiritual rebirth and perfectionism, influencing many reform movements.

Temperance Movement

Social movement aimed at reducing alcohol consumption and its negative effects.

Dorothea Dix

Reformer who advocated for improved treatment of the mentally ill and the establishment of asylums.

Abolitionist Movement

Movement advocating for the immediate end of slavery and equal rights for African Americans.

William Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionist who published 'The Liberator,' calling for immediate emancipation.

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave and prominent abolitionist known for his oratory and writings.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

First women's rights convention organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.

Declaration of Sentiments

Document declaring that 'all men and women are created equal,' presented at the Seneca Falls Convention.

Transcendentalism

Philosophical movement advocating for intuition, nature, and self-reliance.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Transcendentalist who encouraged Americans to create a unique cultural identity.