Period 2 Review: The Growth of British North America (1607–1754)

New England Colonies

Regions including Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire, primarily motivated by religious freedom.

Puritans

A religious group that sought to purify the Anglican Church and settled in New England.

City upon a Hill

A phrase used by John Winthrop to describe the ideal Puritan society in Massachusetts.

Mixed Economy

An economy based on subsistence farming, shipbuilding, fishing, and lumber, typical of New England due to poor soil.

Town Hall Meetings

A form of direct democracy in New England where adult male church members could vote on local issues.

Middle Colonies

Regions including New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware, characterized by economic opportunity and religious tolerance.

William Penn

The founder of Pennsylvania, known for establishing it as a refuge for Quakers.

Breadbasket Colonies

Nickname for the Middle Colonies due to their production of cereal crops.

Diversity in Society

Characteristic of the Middle Colonies, featuring a mix of Dutch, Germans, Scots-Irish, and English dissenters.

Southern Colonies

Regions including Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, primarily motivated by economic profit.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in America, established in 1607 by a joint-stock company.

Plantation System

An economic system in the South focused on cash crop cultivation, heavily reliant on slave labor.

Tobacco

A labor-intensive cash crop that was a primary export of the Chesapeake region.

Chattel Slavery

A system in which enslaved people were considered property and their status was hereditary.

Triangular Trade

A trade network connecting New England, Africa, and the West Indies.

Middle Passage

The horrific journey enslaved Africans experienced when being transported to the Americas.

Stono Rebellion

A major slave uprising in South Carolina in 1739, where enslaved people attempted to escape to Spanish Florida.

Conflicting Worldviews

Differences in perspective regarding land and gender roles between Native Americans and Europeans.

Mercantilism

An economic theory aiming to maximize national wealth by ensuring exports exceed imports.

Navigation Acts

British laws that required colonies to trade primarily with England and contributed to colonial resentment.

Bacon's Rebellion

A 1676 revolt in Virginia by landless former indentured servants against the planter elite.

Pueblo Revolt

A 1680 uprising of Pueblo Indians against Spanish colonizers in New Mexico.

King Philip's War

A conflict between New England colonists and Native Americans that led to the end of organized native resistance in New England.

Indentured Servants

Poor Europeans who worked for a number of years in exchange for passage to America.

Society with Slaves vs. Slave Society

The North was characterized as having slaves, while the South developed a society dependent on slavery.

Homogeneous Society

A characteristic of New England, where communities were largely made up of English Puritans.

Elite-dominated Assemblies

Political control in the Southern colonies, where power was held by wealthy planters.