Chapter 14 - Economic Transformation

Vasco da Gama

________ and his Portuguese successors sailed into a world of Indian Ocean trade, regularly unlike anything they had ever seen before.

Americas

Slavery in the ________ and the Atlantic slave trade was the most recent large- scale manifestations of a very common human practice: the ownership and exchange of human people.

Dutch

The ________ and English, who both entered the Indian Ocean trade in the early seventeenth century, were far more significant as European competitors for the spice trade than the Spanish.

Indian Ocean

The Portuguese established a "trading post empire "in the ________, to control trade rather than vast territory or populations, and doing so by the power of armies rather than economic rivalry.

Demand for tropical spices

cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, cloves, and, above all, pepper — which were widely used as sauces and preservatives and were often regarded as aphrodisiacs — was the most urgent impetus for this huge effort

Portuguese

opportunity in these circumstances since their ships could outgun and outmaneuver rival naval forces, while their onboard guns could destroy coastal defenses

Silver

"traveled across the world and made the world go round."