Constructing Advanced Arguments: AP Seminar Big Idea 4

Synthesize Ideas

Weaving different perspectives together to support your own specific claim.

Claim

An assertion that you want the audience to accept; can be the main thesis or sub-claims.

Evidence

Data, quotes, or findings from research that support the claim.

Warrant

Explains how the evidence supports the claim and why it matters; often the most neglected part.

Line of Reasoning (LOR)

The logical arrangement of claims and evidence that leads to a conclusion.

Sequential Logic

Ensuring that one paragraph sets up the premise necessary for understanding the next.

Inductive Reasoning

Moving from specific observations to a broad generalization.

Deductive Reasoning

Moving from a general premise to a specific conclusion.

Corroboration

Showing how one source backs up another source.

Contradiction/Nuance

Demonstrating how one source complicates or contradicts another source.

Burkean Parlor

Concept where the essay is likened to a room of experts discussing a topic.

Signal Phrases

Verbs that indicate the source's stance and distinguish your voice from that of the sources.

Absolute Claim

A weak claim that does not allow for exceptions.

Qualified Claim

A stronger claim that limits the scope, making it defensible.

Transitions

Words or phrases that show logical relationships between ideas.

THE BRIDGE

A mnemonic for reviewing synthesis elements: Thesis, How, Evidence, Balance, Reasoning, Integration, Defense, Gaps, Ending.

Common Mistakes in Argumentation

Typical errors include summary vs. synthesis, dropped quotes, ignoring counter-perspective, and weak verbs.

The

This term usually refers to errors made during synthesis, where students only summarize without connecting ideas.

Attribution

The process of giving credit to sources and incorporating their ideas into your work.

Commentary

Your analysis that connects evidence to claims and the broader thesis.

Counter-Argument

A perspective that contradicts your main argument, which can enhance credibility when acknowledged.

Logical Glue

Describes the role of a warrant in binding the claims and evidence together.

Persuasive Synthesis

Prioritizing your argument while using sources as tools.

Dropped Quote

Placing a quotation in a sentence without context or introduction.

Weak Verbs

Generic terms like 'says' that dilute the strength of the argument.

Complex Thinking

Acknowledging that solutions to problems are rarely perfect, often using qualifiers to express this.

Argumentative Writing

The process of presenting a reasonable argument supported by evidence and reasoning.