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Charles V
In exchange for arranging large loans to ________, Jacob Fugger was given a monopoly over silver, copper, and mercury mines in the Habsburg possessions of central Europe that produced profits in excess of 50 percent per year.
Spanish monarchy
The ________ was strong enough by the sixteenth century to pursue power both in Europe and beyond.
Mercantilist theory
________ on the role of colonies was matched in practice by Europes overseas expansion.
Christopher Columbus
________ used this technique in his voyages to the Americas, and others relied on their new knowledge of the winds to round the continent of Africa in search of the Spice Islands.
Baltic
Trade within Europe remained strong throughout the eighteenth century as wheat, timber, and naval stores from the ________, wines from France, wool and fruit from Spain, and silk from Italy were exchanged along with a host of other products.
1419
In ________, Prince Henry founded a school for navigators on the southwestern coast of Portugal.
Portuguese ships
In 1441, ________ reached the Senegal River, just north of Cape Verde, and brought home a cargo of black Africans, most of whom were then sold as slaves to wealthy buyers elsewhere in Europe.
joint stock company
The ________ made it easier to raise large amounts of capital for world trading ventures.
Canada
In 1663, ________ was made the property of the French crown and administered by a French governor like a French province.
Americas
Europeans brought horses and cattle to the ________, which revolutionized the life of the Indians.
Potatoes
________ became especially popular as a dietary staple in some areas of Europe.
Portuguese trading posts
The ________ in the East had little direct impact on native Asian civilizations, although Dutch control of the Indonesian archipelago was more pervasive.
commercial expansion
The ________ of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was made easier by new forms of commercial organization, especially the joint- stock company.
Note
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