Cells of bone tissue

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14 Terms

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Osteogenic cell location
periosteum and endosteum
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Osteogenic cell stimuli
Bone morphogenetic proteins and mechanical stress / fractures
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Osteogenic cell function
Differentiate into osteoblasts, also can multiply to reinforce or rebuild
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Osteoblast location
Compact and spongy bone of all bones, periosteum and endosteum
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Osteoblast stimuli
Hormonal (growth hormone, thyroid hormone, testosterone, estrogen)
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Osteoblast function
Actively miotic and differentiate into osteocytes.
- Hormones stimulate proliferation and activity / promoting bone formation.
- Secrete organic/unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid, which is made up of collagen and calcium binding proteins.
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Osteocyte location
Compact and spongy bone of all bones
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Osteocyte stimuli
Mechanical signals, increased concentration of calcium and phosphate ions, matrix proteins that bind and concentrate calcium, appropriate amount of enzyme alkaline phosphatase for mineralization.
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Osteocyte function
Maintain bone matrix and act as mechanical stress / strain sensor and respond to mechanical stimuli such as increased force on bone or weightlessness.
- Communicate with osteoblast and osteoclasts so bone modelling can occur
- Secrete calcified matrix
- Connected by gap junctions and canaliculi.
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Osteoclast location
Periosteum, endosteum and sites of old or injured bone
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Osteoclast stimuli
Osteoblasts
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Osteoclast function
Has ruffled borders to increase surface area for enzyme degradation of bone. Break down bone for resorption.
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What is secreted when there are low levels of blood calcium ?
Parathyroid hormone, secreted by parathyroid glands in response to the stimulus.
- Prevents osteoblasts from differentiating into osteocytes, which would secrete calcified matrix and further decease blood calcium levels.
- Stimulates secretion of activation/survival factors by osteoblasts to stimulate osteoclasts to resorb bone. This releases calcium ions into blood and raises blood calcium levels.
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What is secreted when there high levels of blood calcium?
Calcitonin, which is produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland in response to the stimulus.
- Stimulates osteoblasts to differentiate into osteocytes, which secrete excess calcium ions into osteoid, thus lowering blood calcium levels.
- Calcitonin secretion stops when homeostatic calcium levels are reached.