Unit 7: Industrial and Economic Development

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Cottage Industry

A home-based manufacturing system that was prevalent before the Industrial Revolution.

Flow of Capital

Wealth from colonialism and trade that allowed investment in new machines during the Industrial Revolution.

Second Agricultural Revolution

Improved farming practices that released workers from the land, creating an urban labor workforce.

Steam Engine

Technological catalyst perfected by James Watt in 1769, allowing factories to locate closer to coal fields.

Hierarchical Diffusion

The spread of industrialization from one key location to other areas, following a pattern.

Proletariat

The rigid working class that emerged during the Industrial Revolution.

Bourgeoisie

The wealthy owner class that benefited from industrialization.

Primary Sector

Economic sector involving activities that extract materials from the Earth, like agriculture and mining.

Secondary Sector

Economic sector that processes raw materials into useful products.

Tertiary Sector

Economic sector focused on the provision of services and goods in exchange for payment.

Quaternary Sector

Knowledge-based sector involving data processing, research, and information.

Quinary Sector

Sector involving the highest levels of decision-making in society or economy.

Least Cost Theory

Alfred Weber's theory predicting the location of manufacturing based on transportation, labor, and agglomeration costs.

Bulk-Reducing Industries

Industries where the final product weighs less than the raw materials.

Bulk-Gaining Industries

Industries that produce a final product that weighs more than the raw materials.

Single-Market Manufacturers

Manufacturers that have only one or two customers and locate close to them.

Perishable Products

Goods that expire or spoil quickly and need to be located close to the market.

Just-in-Time Delivery

A strategy where factories locate near assembly plants to reduce storage costs.

Containerization

A process that reduced transportation costs significantly, impacting industrial location decisions.

Rostow's Stages of Growth

A model describing the stages of development of economies and the corresponding economic sectors.

Urbanization

The massive rural-to-urban migration that occurred due to industrialization.

Scramble for Africa

The colonization of Africa by industrialized nations in search of raw materials and markets.

Mechanization

The process of introducing machines, reducing the workforce in primary and secondary sectors.

Economic Sectors Shift

The change in workforce proportion from primary to tertiary/quaternary sectors as countries develop.

Transportation Logic

Weber's approach to minimize costs based on weight and bulk of products in manufacturing.