Studied by 3 people
Site and Situation of Population Clusters
- Low-lying areas with fertile soil and temperate climate
- Near an ocean or near a river with easy access to an ocean.
Where is the world's population distributed?
- Sparsely populated regions
- Humans avoid clustering in certain physical environments (dry, wet, cold, high)
Ecumene
The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
Population density
Number of individuals per unit area
Arithmetic density
the total number of objects in an area
Arithmetic density computation
The population divided by the total land area.
Physiological density
The number of people per unit area of arable land
Physiological density computation
Divide the population by the arable land area
Agricultural density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land
Agricultural density computation
Divide the population of farmers by the arable land area
Components of population growth
- Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
- Crude Death Rate (CDR)
- Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
The percentage by which a population grows in a year
Natural increase computation
Crude death rate subtracted from crude birthrate
Fertility
Average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49)
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.
Population graph
Graph with layers for the age groups and the percentage of men and women per age group.
X-axis of the population growth
Percent female displayed to the right of zero
Y-axis of the population growth
Youngest displayed at bottom and oldest at top
Dependency ratio
The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
Larger dependency ratios imply greater ___________ burden on the working class.
Financial
Sex ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population
(females live 7 years longer than men)
Demographic transition
The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.
Demographic Transition Model
Model consisting of lines that help to explain the rising and falling of natural increase over time in a country
Demographic transition stages
Low Growth, High Growth, Moderate Growth, Low Growth
Stage 1: Low Growth
Very high birth and death rates with no long-term natural increase
- No country
Stage 2: High Growth
Rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates produce very high natural increase
- Improvement & medication
Stage 3: Moderate Growth
Birth rates rapidly decline, death rates continue to decline, and natural increase rates begin to moderate
- First half of the 20th century
Stage 4: Low Growth
Very low birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term natural increase and possibly a decrease
- Immigration
Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.
- CBR = CDR
2 strategies for lowering birth rates
1. Improving education and healthcare
2. Contraception
1. Improving education & healthcare
Improving local economic conditions so that increased wealth is allocated to education and health programs seeking to lower birth rates
2. Contraception
- More immediate results reaped than previous approach
- Resisted because it goes against cultural norms
Stage 5: Decline
Very low CBR, increasing CDR, declining NIR
- More elderly and less youth
Malthus on Overpopulation
He claimed the population was growing faster than the increase in food supply
Malthus' critics
Malthusian views = too pessimistic b/c they believe food production is fixed, but it can grow
- People thought population growth wasn't a problem because economic opportunities would grow
Neo-Malthusians
Group who built on Malthus' theory and suggested that people wouldn't just starve for lack of food, but would have wars about food and other scarce resources
- Increase food production and its equitable distribution
Hans Rosling
Came up with graphs that help us understand how total fertility has gone down in places all over the world, predicts by 2050 we will have about nine billion people
Epidemiologic Transition
Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine (High CDR)
Infectious diseases are a principal causes of human deaths
Stage 2: Receding Pandemics (Rapidly Declining CDR)
- Pandemics were diminishing
- Factors reduced the spread of disease (improved sanitation, nutrition, and medication)
Stage 3: Degenerative Diseases (Moderately Declining CDR)
- Decrease in deaths from infectious diseases
- Increase in chronic disorders associated with aging
Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases (Low but Increasing CDR)
Deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases and cancer delayed from modern medicine treatments
Infectious Diseases Stage 5: Evolution
- Infectious disease microbes evolve and establish a resistance to drugs and insecticides
- Antibiotics and genetic engineering contributors to the emergence of new strains of viruses and bacteria
Infectious Diseases Stage 5: Poverty
Infectious diseases are more prevalent in poor areas because of presence of unsanitary conditions and inability to afford drugs needed for treatment
Infectious Diseases Stage 5: Increased Connections
Advancements in modes of transportation, especially air travel, making it easier for an individual infected in one country to be in another country before exhibiting symptoms
Health care
Health conditions vary around the world, primarily, because countries possess different resources to care for people who are sick.
Health care systems in developed countries
Public service available at little or no cost.
Government pays more than 70 percent of health-care costs in most European countries, and private individuals pay about 30 percent of the expense.
Expansive population policies
Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth
Eugenic population policies
Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others
Restrictive population policies
Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase
RNI Number
2.1
Medical Revolution
Medical technology developed in Europe and North America has spread to Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Here, many improved medical practices have decreased the number of deaths in poor countries and caused people to be healthier and live longer.
Resources
Resources are substances used in the environment that are helpful to people, easy to access, and socially accepted to use.
Net Migration
Net migration is the difference in the number of people who immigrate to a country.
Literacy Rate
Literacy rate is the proportion of the population over 15 that can read.
Concentration
Concentration is the extent to which a small area of the national territory is responsible for a large proportion of economic activity.
Agricultural Density
Agricultural density is the ratio of farmers to arable land.
Demographic Transition
Demographic transition is the change of a society's population from high birth and death rates and low natural increase to low birth and death rates, low natural increase, and higher population.
Birth Rate
Birth rate is the number of births per year for every 1,000 people.
Arithmetic Density
Arithmetic density is the total number of people divided by the total land area.
Total Fertility Rate
Total fertility rate is the total number of specific birth rates for female citizens of an area during a specific time period.
Physiological Density
Physiological density is the number of people per unit area of arable land.
Improved Sanitation
Improved sanitation is a public condition that has clean drinking water and treatment, alongside disposal of human waste.
Density
Density is the number of things in a certain area.
Overpopulation
Overpopulation is when the number of people overrules the capacity of the environment to support life decently.
Youth Bulge
Youth bulge is when the proportion of the population within an age range goes over 20 percent.
Cartogram
Cartograms are thematic maps of a set of features that have geographic sizes directly proportional to land masses.
Arable Land
Arable land is land meant for agriculture.
Population Cartogram
Population cartograms are geographical presentations of the world where the sizes of countries are not drawn accordingly to the distributions of land, but rather the people.
Possibilism
Possibilism is the theory that the environment sets constraints on human behavior.
United Nations
United Nations is an organization dedicated to members expressing their views to create international peace.
Population Explosion
Population explosion is the growth of numbers of a biological population.
Rate of Natural Increase
Rate of Natural Increase is the percentage of growth in a population in year, and is found from subtracting the death rate from the birth rate.
Stationary Population Level
Stationary population level is a population with low mortality and low fertility rates.
Distance Decay
Distance decay is when the interaction between two locations declines as their distance increases.
Space Time Compression
Space time compression is the decline in travel time between similar places.
Cultural Ecology
Cultural ecology is the study of human adaptations to their social and physical environments.
Urbanization
Urbanization is the process in which cities grow and more of the population lives in the city.
Pattern
Patterns are observations that one place proves to be part of a larger system with the same observations.
