AP HUG Last Test

Site and Situation of Population Clusters

\- Low-lying areas with fertile soil and temperate climate

\- Near an ocean or near a river with easy access to an ocean.

Where is the world's population distributed?

\- Sparsely populated regions

\- Humans avoid clustering in certain physical environments (dry, wet, cold, high)

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Population density

Number of individuals per unit area

Arithmetic density

the total number of objects in an area

Arithmetic density computation

The population divided by the total land area.

Physiological density

The number of people per unit area of arable land

Physiological density computation

Divide the population by the arable land area

Agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

Agricultural density computation

Divide the population of farmers by the arable land area

Components of population growth

\- Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

\- Crude Death Rate (CDR)

\- Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage by which a population grows in a year

Natural increase computation

Crude death rate subtracted from crude birthrate

Fertility

Average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49)

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

Population graph

Graph with layers for the age groups and the percentage of men and women per age group.

X-axis of the population growth

Percent female displayed to the right of zero

Y-axis of the population growth

Youngest displayed at bottom and oldest at top

Dependency ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Larger dependency ratios imply greater ___________ burden on the working class.

Financial

Sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population

(females live 7 years longer than men)

Demographic transition

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

Demographic Transition Model

Model consisting of lines that help to explain the rising and falling of natural increase over time in a country

Demographic transition stages

Low Growth, High Growth, Moderate Growth, Low Growth

Stage 1: Low Growth

Very high birth and death rates with no long-term natural increase

\- No country

Stage 2: High Growth

Rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates produce very high natural increase

\- Improvement & medication

Stage 3: Moderate Growth

Birth rates rapidly decline, death rates continue to decline, and natural increase rates begin to moderate

\- First half of the 20th century

Stage 4: Low Growth

Very low birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term natural increase and possibly a decrease

\- Immigration

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

\- CBR = CDR

2 strategies for lowering birth rates

1\. Improving education and healthcare

2\. Contraception

1\. Improving education & healthcare

Improving local economic conditions so that increased wealth is allocated to education and health programs seeking to lower birth rates

2\. Contraception

\- More immediate results reaped than previous approach

\- Resisted because it goes against cultural norms

Stage 5: Decline

Very low CBR, increasing CDR, declining NIR

\- More elderly and less youth

Malthus on Overpopulation

He claimed the population was growing faster than the increase in food supply

Malthus' critics

Malthusian views = too pessimistic b/c they believe food production is fixed, but it can grow

\- People thought population growth wasn't a problem because economic opportunities would grow

Neo-Malthusians

Group who built on Malthus' theory and suggested that people wouldn't just starve for lack of food, but would have wars about food and other scarce resources

\- Increase food production and its equitable distribution

Hans Rosling

Came up with graphs that help us understand how total fertility has gone down in places all over the world, predicts by 2050 we will have about nine billion people

Epidemiologic Transition

Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine (High CDR)

Infectious diseases are a principal causes of human deaths

Stage 2: Receding Pandemics (Rapidly Declining CDR)

\- Pandemics were diminishing

\- Factors reduced the spread of disease (improved sanitation, nutrition, and medication)

Stage 3: Degenerative Diseases (Moderately Declining CDR)

\- Decrease in deaths from infectious diseases

\- Increase in chronic disorders associated with aging

Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases (Low but Increasing CDR)

Deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases and cancer delayed from modern medicine treatments

Infectious Diseases Stage 5: Evolution

\- Infectious disease microbes evolve and establish a resistance to drugs and insecticides

\- Antibiotics and genetic engineering contributors to the emergence of new strains of viruses and bacteria

Infectious Diseases Stage 5: Poverty

Infectious diseases are more prevalent in poor areas because of presence of unsanitary conditions and inability to afford drugs needed for treatment

Infectious Diseases Stage 5: Increased Connections

Advancements in modes of transportation, especially air travel, making it easier for an individual infected in one country to be in another country before exhibiting symptoms

Health care

Health conditions vary around the world, primarily, because countries possess different resources to care for people who are sick.

Health care systems in developed countries

Public service available at little or no cost.

Government pays more than 70 percent of health-care costs in most European countries, and private individuals pay about 30 percent of the expense.

Expansive population policies

Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth

Eugenic population policies

Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others

Restrictive population policies

Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase

RNI Number

2\.1

Medical Revolution

Medical technology developed in Europe and North America has spread to Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Here, many improved medical practices have decreased the number of deaths in poor countries and caused people to be healthier and live longer.

Resources

Resources are substances used in the environment that are helpful to people, easy to access, and socially accepted to use.

Net Migration

Net migration is the difference in the number of people who immigrate to a country.

Literacy Rate

Literacy rate is the proportion of the population over 15 that can read.

Concentration

Concentration is the extent to which a small area of the national territory is responsible for a large proportion of economic activity.

Agricultural Density

Agricultural density is the ratio of farmers to arable land.

Demographic Transition

Demographic transition is the change of a society's population from high birth and death rates and low natural increase to low birth and death rates, low natural increase, and higher population.

Birth Rate

Birth rate is the number of births per year for every 1,000 people.

Arithmetic Density

Arithmetic density is the total number of people divided by the total land area.

Total Fertility Rate

Total fertility rate is the total number of specific birth rates for female citizens of an area during a specific time period.

Physiological Density

Physiological density is the number of people per unit area of arable land.

Improved Sanitation

Improved sanitation is a public condition that has clean drinking water and treatment, alongside disposal of human waste.

Density

Density is the number of things in a certain area.

Overpopulation

Overpopulation is when the number of people overrules the capacity of the environment to support life decently.

Youth Bulge

Youth bulge is when the proportion of the population within an age range goes over 20 percent.

Cartogram

Cartograms are thematic maps of a set of features that have geographic sizes directly proportional to land masses.

Arable Land

Arable land is land meant for agriculture.

Population Cartogram

Population cartograms are geographical presentations of the world where the sizes of countries are not drawn accordingly to the distributions of land, but rather the people.

Possibilism

Possibilism is the theory that the environment sets constraints on human behavior.

United Nations

United Nations is an organization dedicated to members expressing their views to create international peace.

Population Explosion

Population explosion is the growth of numbers of a biological population.

Rate of Natural Increase

Rate of Natural Increase is the percentage of growth in a population in year, and is found from subtracting the death rate from the birth rate.

Stationary Population Level

Stationary population level is a population with low mortality and low fertility rates.

Distance Decay

Distance decay is when the interaction between two locations declines as their distance increases.

Space Time Compression

Space time compression is the decline in travel time between similar places.

Cultural Ecology

Cultural ecology is the study of human adaptations to their social and physical environments.

Urbanization

Urbanization is the process in which cities grow and more of the population lives in the city.

Pattern

Patterns are observations that one place proves to be part of a larger system with the same observations.