Chapter 24: The Crisis of European Culture, 1871-1914

  • Second Industrial Revolution
    • Fueled chemical and electrical industries
    • Allowed Europe to embrace a “mass culture”
    • Countries without strong coal and iron resources were able to industrialize
  • Rate of urbanization continued to boom (1872-1914)
  • “Great Depression” of 19th century (1873-1914)
  • Cartels: firms working together to set price and production levels
  • European industrialization had distinct geographical regions
    • North and West: industrial
    • South and East: agricultural
  • In England in 1900, the declining standard of living led to the development of trade unions
  • Liberals were forced to reform due to Fabian Society and Labor Party
  • Third French Republic
    • Created single national culture
  • Dreyfus Affair (1894)
    • Example of Nationalism leading to xenophobia
  • Vienna was the center and capital of the Austrian Empire
  • Women were removed from public roles in the 19th century
    • Denied educational and economical opportunities
    • Unequal divorce rights
    • Middle class women started to push for equal rights
    • Most feminists were women, but most women weren’t feminists
  • Popular support and politics became model for change
  • Germany had the biggest Women’s Socialist movement
  • Zionism: Jewish nationalist movement with the purpose of creating a free and independent Jewish state in the Palestine area
  • Anarchism mostly affected western Europe
  • All political movements were temporarily stopped by the War of 1914
  • Social Sciences: Archaeology, Economy, History, Psychology, Criminology, and Biological Determinism
  • “New Women”
    • Reaction against cult of domesticity

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