Chapter 24: The Crisis of European Culture, 1871-1914

• Second Industrial Revolution
  • Fueled chemical and electrical industries
  • Allowed Europe to embrace a “mass culture”
  • Countries without strong coal and iron resources were able to industrialize
• Rate of urbanization continued to boom (1872-1914)
• “Great Depression” of 19th century (1873-1914)
• Cartels: firms working together to set price and production levels
• European industrialization had distinct geographical regions
  • North and West: industrial
  • South and East: agricultural
• In England in 1900, the declining standard of living led to the development of trade unions
• Liberals were forced to reform due to Fabian Society and Labor Party
• Third French Republic
  • Created single national culture
• Dreyfus Affair (1894)
  • Example of Nationalism leading to xenophobia
• Vienna was the center and capital of the Austrian Empire
• Women were removed from public roles in the 19th century
  • Denied educational and economical opportunities
  • Unequal divorce rights
  • Middle class women started to push for equal rights
  • Most feminists were women, but most women weren’t feminists
• Popular support and politics became model for change
• Germany had the biggest Women’s Socialist movement
• Zionism: Jewish nationalist movement with the purpose of creating a free and independent Jewish state in the Palestine area
• Anarchism mostly affected western Europe
• All political movements were temporarily stopped by the War of 1914
• Social Sciences: Archaeology, Economy, History, Psychology, Criminology, and Biological Determinism
• “New Women”
  • Reaction against cult of domesticity

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