AP World History (copy)

State Building and Expansion:
- East Asia: Song Dynasty China's economic revolution (e.g., Champa rice, Grand Canal), neo-Confucianism, tribute system.
- Dar al-Islam: Abbasid Caliphate fragmentation, rise of Mamluk Sultanate, Delhi Sultanate in India, House of Wisdom.
- South and Southeast Asia: Hindu and Buddhist states, Srivijaya Empire, Khmer Empire.
- Americas: Aztec (Mexica) Empire, Inca Empire (mita system), Cahokia (Mississippian culture).
- Africa: Mali Empire (Mansa Musa, Timbuktu), Great Zimbabwe.
Networks of Exchange:
- Silk Roads: Revival, luxury goods (silk, porcelain), spread of religion (Buddhism, Islam), technology (gunpowder, paper).
- Indian Ocean Trade Routes: Monsoon winds, specialized goods (spices, cotton), Swahili city-states, diasporic communities.
- Trans-Saharan Trade Routes: Gold, salt, slaves, spread of Islam.
- Cultural Exchange: Scientific and technological innovations (astronomy, mathematics, medicine) from Islamic and Indian centers to Europe.
Impact of Nomadic Pastoralists: Mongol Empire's impact on trade, cultural diffusion, and state structures across Eurasia.

1. The Global Tapestry (c. 1200 CE to c. 1450 CE

2. Global Interactions (c. 1450 CE to c. 1750 CE)

The Connected World:
- The Columbian Exchange: Transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia.
- Maritime Empires: Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British. New trading posts and routes.
- Mercantilism: Economic theory emphasizing state control of trade for national wealth.
Land-Based Empires:
- Qing Dynasty (China): Expansion, distinct Manchu identity.
- Mughal Empire (India): Islamic rule over a Hindu majority, religious tolerance (Akbar).
- Ottoman Empire: Janissaries, devshirme, millet system.
- Safavid Empire (Persia): Shia Islam, conflict with Ottomans.
- Russian Empire: Expansion, westernization efforts (Peter the Great).
Social and Cultural Changes:
- Reformation: Protestant and Catholic reformations, impact on religious and political structures.
- Renaissance and Enlightenment: Humanism, scientific revolution, new ideas about government and individual rights.
- Labor Systems: Chattel slavery, indentured servitude, encomienda, hacienda systems.
Technological Innovations: Caravel, compass, astrolabe, gunpowder weapons.
Global Interactions (c. 1450 CE to c. 1750 CE)
- The Connected World:
  - The Columbian Exchange: Transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia.
  - Maritime Empires: Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British. New trading posts and routes.
  - Mercantilism: Economic theory emphasizing state control of trade for national wealth.
- Land-Based Empires:
  - Qing Dynasty (China): Expansion, distinct Manchu identity.
  - Mughal Empire (India): Islamic rule over a Hindu majority, religious tolerance (Akbar).
  - Ottoman Empire: Janissaries, devshirme, millet system.
  - Safavid Empire (Persia): Shia Islam, conflict with Ottomans.
  - Russian Empire: Expansion, westernization efforts (Peter the Great).
- Social and Cultural Changes:
  - Reformation: Protestant and Catholic reformations, impact on religious and political structures.
  - Renaissance and Enlightenment: Humanism, scientific revolution, new ideas about government and individual rights.
  - Labor Systems: Chattel slavery, indentured servitude, encomienda, hacienda systems.
- Technological Innovations: Caravel, compass, astrolabe, gunpowder weapons.