Chapter 23 - Six Debates Over Macroeconomic Policy

23.1: Should Monetary and Fiscal Policymakers Try to Stabilize the Economy?

Pro: Policymakers Should Try to Stabilize the Economy:

  • Monetary and fiscal policy can stabilize aggregate demand
    • Including production and employment
  • When aggregate demand is inadequate to ensure full employment
    • Policymakers should boost government spending, cut taxes, and expand the money supply
  • When aggregate demand is excessive, risking high inflation
    • Policymakers should cut government spending, raise taxes, and reduce the money supply
  • Not only do all these points lead to a more stable economy, it benefits everyone

Con: Policymakers Should Not Try to Stabilize the Economy

  • Monetary and fiscal policy do not affect the economy immediately
    • It works with a long lag
  • Monetary policy affects aggregate demand primarily by changing interest rates
    • Affect spendings, residential and business investments
    • But many households and firms set their spending plans in advance
    • Takes time for changes in interest rates to alter the aggregate demand for goods and services
  • Fiscal policy works with a lag because of the long political process that governs changes in spending and taxes
    • In order to make changes in the fiscal policy, a bill must go through congressional committees
    • The house, the senate, and signed by the president

22.2: Should the Government Fight Recessions with Spending Hikes Rather Than Tax Cuts?

Pro: The Government Should Fight Recessions with Spending Hikes:

  • The key to ending recessions is to restore aggregate demand to a level consistent with full employment of the economy’s labor force

Con: The Government Should Fight Recessions with Tax Cuts:

  • Tax cuts have important influence on both aggregate demand and aggregate supply
    • They increase aggregate demand by increasing households’ disposable income
    • If tax reduction takes the form of an expanded investment tax credit, they can induce increased spending on investment and goods

22.3: Should Monetary Policy Be Made by Rule Rather Than by Discretion?

Pro: Monetary Policy Should Be Made by Rule:

  • Discretion in the conduct of monetary policy has two problems
    • Abuse of power
    • Bankers are tempted to use monetary policy to affect the outcome of elections
    • Might lead to more inflation than is desirable

Con: Monetary Policy Should Not Be Made by Rule:

  • Alleged problems with discretion are largely hypothetical
  • Bankers are trustable with their words because they can achieve credibility over time by backing their words with their actions

23.4: Should the Central Bank Aim for Zero Inflation?

Pro: The Central Bank Should Aim for Zero Inflation:

  • Trade-offs will improve
    • No need for a trade-off between inflation and unemployment
  • A policy that comes with temporary costs and permanent benefits
    • Benefits of zero inflation in the future
  • Zero provides a more natural focal point for policymakers than any other number

Con: The Central Bank Should Not Aim for Zero Inflation:

  • When the economy goes into recession, all incomes do not fall proportionately
    • The fall in aggregate income is concentrated on those workers who lose their jobs
  • Inflation allows for the possibility of negative real interest rates
    • If inflation is zero, real interest rates can never be negative as well

22.5: Should the Government Balance Its Budget?

Pro: The Government Should Balance Its Budget:

  • U.S. federal government is indebted
    • Can place a burden on future generations of taxpayers if there’s no set budget
  • When the government runs a budget deficit and issues government debt, it allows current taxpayers to pass the bill for some of their government spending on to future taxpayers
  • Budget deficits represent negative public savings
    • Lower the living standard for future generations

Con: The Government Should Not Balance Its Budget:

  • The problem with government debt is often exaggerated
  • Misleading to view the effects of budget deficits in isolation
  • Critics of budget deficits sometimes assert that the government debt cannot continue to rise forever
    • But it can- the nation’s ability to pay the interest on the government debt grows over time as well
    • Nothing to prevent the government debt from growing forever
    • As population growth and technological progress cause the total income of the U.S. economy to grow over time

23.6: Should the Tax Laws Be Reformed to Encourage Saving?

Pro: The Tax Laws Should Be Reformed to Encourage Saving:

  • When the saving rate is higher, more resources are available for investment in new plant and equipment
    • Larger stock of plant and equipment raises labor productivity, wages, and incomes

Con: The Tax Laws Should Not Be Reformed to Encourage Saving:

  • Tax changes that reduce the taxation of capital income reduce government revenue
    • Lead to a larger budget deficit
  • Economic theory does not give a clear prediction about whether a higher rate of return would increase saving

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