Chapter 25: Europe and the World, 1870-1914

• Three Emperors League   * Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia joined   * Germany challenged the English naval power   * Austria-Hungary lacked an industrial base and ethnic diversity   * Russia wanted warm water port in the Mediterranean Sea
• The Ottoman Empire was on the verge of collapsing
• The Balkans were ruled by a mixture of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
• The Alliance System was unstable   * German needed to be on good terms with Russia due to Franco-German tensions   * English had to keep their naval superiority due to their dependency on imports   * Russia abandoned Serbian nationalism   * The Ottomans kept Constantinople   * Dual Alliance was a strong alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary due to the weakening Russian loyalty   * Italy joined the Dual Alliance in 1882, making it the Triple Alliance   * Bulgaria and Serbia started another Balkan Crisis in 1885
• A “new imperialism” was brought forth from 1870-1914   * Characterized by industrialization, intensification, increased technology   * Greater sense of national prestige
• Germany, France, and England were in direct competition for Africa
• India was the center of British foreign policy
• Opium War (1839-1842)   * China was forced to accept opium trade
• Boxer Rebellion (1900)   * Peasant unrest turned into open rebellion   * Europeans had limited forces and therefore couldn’t control the population   * Showed need for indirect rule

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