Chapter 16: Ecology

researchers

Some ________ consider the lichen symbiosis to be closer to parasites.

+

A "________ "indicates that one individual benefits, a- ""indicates one is harmed, and a "0 "indicates no effect is provided in a shorthand notation.

biogeochemical cycles

The ________ describe the flow of essential elements from the environment to living things.

Wolves

________ were hunted to extinction because of threats to livestock.

predator

What is any animal that consumes a plant or another animal? Answer with a single words or term.

Successional stages

________ may not always occur in the expected order, and the establishment of some species is apparently random, influenced by season, or by which species arrives first.

Coevolution

________ is the evolution of one species in response to another.

Fossil fuels

What are burned for energy as the food and energy needs of the human population rise? Answer with a single words or term.

AP exam

The ________ has essay questions about succession.

Monarch butterflies

________ eat milkweed plants that have toxins in their bodies that protect them from their predators.

Humans

________ produce a small number of relatively large offspring that need extensive parental care until they mature.

Ruminants

________ chew their food to break it down into smaller pieces for more thorough fermentation.

Tapeworms

________ steal food from their hosts.

Denitrifyingbacteria

________ convert NO- 3 back to N2 when they are denitrifying.

UV radiation

________ can reach the surface of the earth when the ozone layer thins.

bark beetle

What is spreading the fungus? Answer with a single words or term.

Mortality

What is high after that age? Answer with a single words or term.

N2

Some ________ is converted to NO- 3 by lightning.

defenseless flies

Some ________ have yellow and black markings but are avoided by predators because they look like bees.

Limits

________ exert little negative feedback when the population size is small.

long term

A(n) ________ isolating mechanism for speciation is the formation of continents arising from the separation of larger plates.

climax community

The ________ may be a forest consisting of oaks or maples.

Potatoes

What were introduced to Europe in the 16th century and remained disease- free until the 19th century? Answer with a single words or term.

grey wolf

The ________ is a keystone species that eats large mammals.

Animals

________ excrete phosphorus in their waste products when they break down.